Abstract
Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have up to two times the risk of cardiovascular disease as those without HIV infection.1 This risk is not explained by the presence of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, nor is it eliminated by successful antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression.2 Assessing cardiovascular risk among persons with HIV infection has proved to be difficult because calculators for cardiovascular disease typically underestimate the risk in this population.3 This underestimation creates a challenge for health care providers. How can cardiovascular risk be reduced in a population that is assessed as being at low-to-moderate risk on .
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