Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects microglia and macrophages in the brain during seroconversion and eventually results in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in susceptible individuals. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that serve as platforms for caspase-1 activation and ensuing cleavage and release of IL-1beta and IL-18. Our group recently showed that HIV-1 infection of human microglia induces the NLRP3 inflammasome. The viral protein R (Vpr) is an accessory protein encoded by HIV-1, which is essential for macrophage infection and is detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients.

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