Abstract
BackgroundTransmitted drug resistance (TDR) is an important public health issue, because TDR-associated mutation may affect the outcome of antiretroviral treatment potentially or directly. Men who have sex with men (MSM) constitute a major risk group for HIV transmission. However, current reports are scarce on HIV TDR-associated mutations and their co-variation among MSM.MethodsBlood samples from 262 newly diagnosed HIV-positive, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve MSM, were collected from January 2011 and December 2013 in Beijing. The polymerase viral genes were sequenced to explore TDR-associated mutations and mutation co-variation.ResultsA total of 223 samples were sequenced and analyzed. Among them, HIV-1 CRF01_AE are accounted for 60.5%, followed by CRF07_BC (27.8%), subtype B (9.9%), and others. Fifty-seven samples had at least one TDR-associated mutation, mainly including L10I/V (6.3%), A71L/T/V (6.3%), V179D/E (5.4%), and V106I (2.7%), with different distributions of TDR-associated mutations by different HIV-1 subtypes and by each year. Moreover, eight significant co-variation pairs were found between TDR-associated mutations (V179D/E) and seven overlapping polymorphisms in subtype CRF01_AE.ConclusionsTo date, this work consists the most comprehensive genetic characterization of HIV-1 TDR-associated mutations prevalent among MSM. It provides important information for understanding TDR and viral evolution among Chinese MSM, a population currently at particularly high risk of HIV transmission.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0689-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is an important public health issue, because TDR-associated mutation may affect the outcome of antiretroviral treatment potentially or directly
Our study focuses on Beijing, where the proportion of Men who have sex with men (MSM) carrying HIV has increased rapidly from 3.1% in 2002 [10] to 4.8% in 2006 [11]
There was no significant difference in HIV-1 subtype distributions between each year
Summary
Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is an important public health issue, because TDR-associated mutation may affect the outcome of antiretroviral treatment potentially or directly. Current reports are scarce on HIV TDR-associated mutations and their co-variation among MSM. Transmission of Several factors contribute to the occurrence of TDR, including frequency of exposure to non-treatment naïve viruses, ART regimen efficacy in the transmitting patient, rates of virologic suppression, and genetic diversity and replicative capacity of the viral strains in question. Evidence suggests that HIV-1 genetic diversity may influence the type and rate of resistance mutations that may eventually emerge upon drug exposure [3,4]. We postulate that there may be co-variation between TDR-associated mutations and overlapping polymorphisms on treatment-naïve patients, which affect the transmission of drug resistance mutant viruses
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