History of the development of journalism in Iran 1819-1914 AD

Abstract

The press and those in charge of it in Iran enjoyed a kind of relative freedom during the first phase of its life, that is, from the nineteenth century until the outbreak of the events of the constitutional movement in 1905 AD, when the country witnessed the issuance of the first newspaper with the efforts of the Iranian government and with the direct support and attribution of the Shah. Its articles have always been far from Direct criticism of the state's policy and the way it deals with the foreign presence in Iran. This paved the way for the sons of the educated elite who found in themselves the competence to issue a newspaper and magazine that represented at the time the inclinations of those in charge of it and expressed in one way or another the orientations of the Iranian street and its desire for liberation and emancipation. After the events of the Constitutional Movement in 1905 AD, the Iranian government's policy towards press freedoms changed, as a set of laws were issued that regulated the work of these newspapers, and everyone could no longer publish newspapers however they wanted, as strict control was placed on the work of these newspapers, especially in critical times that they had gone through Iran at that time. Not only that, but the state faced those who criticized it by arresting, imprisoning, and closing the offices of opposition newspapers. But despite that, the efforts of the intellectuals did not stop in this regard, on the contrary, it continued and witnessed the first period of the rule of Ahmad Shah Qajar 1909-1925 AD, the issuance of many newspapers and magazines of different orientations, the numbers of which reached hundreds