Abstract
This chapter mentions briefly the history of gallbladder disease and the early stages of gallstone diagnostic techniques. The major focus of this chapter is the description and impact of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) as well as the value of decreasing the occurrence of bile duct injuries. There are significant improvements in early detection (during primary surgery) with avoidance of additional severe complications. The other major item reviewed is the use of improved intraoperative choledochoscopy in the removal of common bile duct (CBD) stones. The aim of this communication is that hopefully surgeons will consider using proper IOC during biliary surgery and reduce the high incidence of bile duct injuries (BDI) as well as perform removal of CBD stones (10% of cholecystectomies) in one surgery instead of two procedures.
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