Historical institutionalism in action: Incremental prevalence of Transit-Oriented Development in Tokyo 1945-1982

Sustainable urban design of cities in the 21st century is challenged by serious problems centered around the over-dependency on the car as a the main transportation system. The car has generated problems of urban inefficiency, contributing to traffic congestion, pollution, fragmentation of urban fabric and other environmental and social challenges. In the context of Doha, Capital City of the State of Qatar, the over-dependency on the car is justified by the lack of alternative modes of transportation that could support the need to connect fragmented urban districts and provide an effective solution to urban sprawl. Therefore, the implementation of an alternative transportation system in Doha, represented by Qatar Rail, is creating potential for a urban development that addresses recent challenges of livability, sustainability and urban growth in cities. Referring to applicable cases in other countries and regions that have successfully implemented alternative transportation systems, the planning of LRT (light rail transit systems) and transit villages (or Transit Oriented Developments, known as TODs) is proving the workable approach of urban revitalization. Thus, the fragmentation of the urban development of Doha must be tackled through this approach. The cultural core of Doha is an attractive site for an integrated urban development that considers urban livability, connectivity and sustainability of the public realm. This research study explores (1) how public transit systems can be utilized as means of urban transformation and regeneration in the cultural core of Doha; (2) the progress and implications of the development of the new transportation system for the planning of Doha's built environment; and (3) the extent to which Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) are strategic for sustainable urbanism and smart growth in Qatar. The aim of the research is (1) to explore and investigate the extent to which the spatial form of the built environment of the cultural core of Doha can be enhanced through TOD; (2) to amplify cultural value, social interactions and/or social capital and, therefore, contributing to creating a more livable environment. Data is obtained through rigorous site analysis of the multiple urban layers of three selected sites within the cultural core of Doha. This approach is directed toward the understanding of the remodeling potential of the cultural center of Doha responding to the introduction of the new rail system. The implementation of a well-structured TOD is expected to foster a cultural revival of the city's cultural core and provide sustainable and livable choices that support sustainable urbanism and focuses on quality of life within cities of today. The research study explores the locations of Qatar Rail metro stations in three vibrant areas of Doha's cultural core. The three areas are (A) Msheireb Downtown Doha, (B) Souq Waqif and (C) the National Museum of Qatar. The exploration includes review of the relevant literature on the urban history of the three selected cases, in addition to a site analysis that considers the location of the metro stations and adjacent districts. The research study concludes by envisioning designed models of TODs, based on resultant planning strategy and development guidelines. The final urban design schemes propose an integrated mix-use development, comprising residential, business, and commercial activities, located within a walking distance from the three transit stations in Doha's cultural core, introducing a new compact and livable community development. Findings are contributing to the application of TODs in Qatar by enhancing the strategic planning of Qatar Rail to effectively incorporate such concept within the planning of the new project. Also, this research study contributes to the provision of an applicable model for the implementation of TODs in Qatar and in the Middle East Region (MENA), addressing the enduring challenges of urbanism and urban planning in the Islamic city.

Expanding public transportation is not enough to solve the urban sprawl problem resulted from an auto-orientation perspective. So urban planning experts paid attention to integrated and coordinated planning of urban development with public transportation, which reached to sustainable urban development. The purpose of this study is to review the researches in transit-oriented development (TOD) and present practical solutions to implement TOD in Iran cities. In this paper, urban sprawl has been introduced, and three significant solutions (Smart Growth, New Urbanism, and Transit-Oriented Development) have been checked to prevent it. Then the researches in TOD allocation by various methods and modifying land uses around transit stations have been investigated. Moreover, the effects of TOD on city structure and the decisions of individuals in choosing a place of residence have been examined. Also, methods for assessment of TOD impacts and the prosperous cities, which implement the TOD, have been introduced, and finally, the practical solutions for implementing TOD in Iran cities have been presented. Based on a review of the previous studies incorporated in this paper, the practice and integration of TOD through land use and transportation showed that TOD could be the alternative solution in addressing the problems of developing the urban area.

Previously, Indonesia applied Car Oriented Development concept. Currently, the pattern of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is one of the solutions chosen by the government to solve the problem. TOD is something new in Indonesia. This study aims to find out the implementation of Transit Oriented Development in Tokyo and to compare the implementation, the feasibility of investment, and the risks occurring from the Super Block with TOD Concept Project of PT. XYZ. Literature study was used to determine the implementation of TOD in Tokyo. Capital budgeting analysis was used to calculate Payback Period, Net Present Value, and Internal Rate Return, while the risk analysis used the Risk Register. The results of this study showed that Indonesia has started to move towards TOD similar to the one applied in Tokyo. However, not many people have the habit to use public transportation in Indonesia. Furthermore, the results showed that investment is feasible bur there are a lot of extreme level risks.

Urbanization is intrinsically connected to economic progress. India’s rapid economic and population growth has increased its carbon footprint and traffic congestion. A long-term strategy is essential to preserve the balance and alleviate the issues arising from the expansion. Integrating land use and transportation planning has been acknowledged as a means to achieve sustainable urban development worldwide. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is one such strategy. TOD is a planning and design strategy for promoting urban development by clustering jobs, housing, services, and amenities around public transport stations. This strategy can help achieve sustainable communities and improve the quality of life. This research paper assessed the land use characteristics of an urban fringe area in Trivandrum city and completed a land suitability analysis using GIS software tools. A potential node for re-development was identified by looking at various traffic, demographic, and land use parameters. Detailed TOD recommendations for the area surrounding the transit node were proposed based on its development potential.

Unraveling the impact of TOD on housing rental prices and implications on spatial planning: A comparative analysis of five Chinese megacities

Measuring transit oriented development: a spatial multi criteria assessment approach for the City Region Arnhem and Nijmegen

Transit Oriented Development (TOD), as an integrated transportation and land use policy and practice, was given attention in recent decades to (re)formulate urban areas worldwide. Amongst different TOD planning dimensions at play in, the transportation design and policies tend to basically form the backbone of TODs, since a multimodal sustainable movement — public transportation (PT) for long trips as well as non-motorized transportation (NMT) for short ones — is on the agenda. Although it is agreed that TOD can provide even greater benefits than in wealthier countries in long term, developing countries (DCs) are characterized with specific transport-related issues such as vexing congestion, inadequate PT infrastructure, financial obstacles, etc., that should be dealt with to deliver successful integrated TOD projects. In this regards, the present study sheds further lights on the transportation prerequisites of transit oriented urban planning in DCs. First, a systematic review of global literature provided a set of transportation dimensions integrated with urban development. Due to the recent national policies on TOD, Iran was selected as a case and a set of semi-structured interviews was conducted with Iranian urban and transport planners along with government officials in April-June 2019. The results showed that although there are some favorable conditions to TOD developments in Iran e.g., amalgamated transportation and urban development ministries, urban transportation is hindered by pro-car policies such as subsidized fuel price and lack of multi-modal infrastructure in comparison with the best practices in such DCs as Curitiba. The findings have also implications for transportation policymakers, city officials, planners, and interested readers and practitioners in Iran and other DCs interested in TOD.

With the fast global urbanization and mass migration to cities seen in recent decades, many cities have had to struggle with the problem of overloading in urban networks and services. Urban transportation systems play a key role in how well a city can manage traffic, the city’s air quality, and its energy consumption. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is a sustainable urban development approach focused on enhancing public transportation systems, including urban rail transit systems. Despite their many benefits, these systems can be very expensive to build and maintain. One of the systematic methods for financing these systems is to use the Transit Joint Development (TJD) approach. TJD is a development approach covering a range of partnership and collaboration strategies, which can be combined with TOD in the pursuit of sustainable development in areas around metro stations. This study aimed to evaluate and analyze four stations, i.e. Shohada, Takhti, D-Dolat and Enghelab, in the central section of Line 1 of Isfahan Metro based on a combination of the TJD and TOD approaches. First, the information needed to assess the stations in terms of TOD and TJD criteria was collected through library research and field study. Then the tools provided in the Urban Network Analysis (UNA) and Metropolitan Form Analysis (MFA) toolboxes and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to analyze the status of the stations. The results showed that the order of the stations from best to worst in terms of both TOD and TJD is Takhti, Enghelab, D-Dolat and Shohada. The paper also provides some suggestions for the optimal utilization of these stations in terms of TOD. Highlight Urban Network and Form Analysis applied as innovative GIS-based methods. Transit Joint Development presented as a land value capture mechanism. Combined TOD and TJD to address transit financing challenges. Corridor analysis ranks Isfahan Line 1 stations by development potential. Provided practical suggestions for optimizing historical urban cores.

The research study aligns with the social sciences, art and humanities, themes of the main research priority areas of the four ARC'18 pillars (The Context) Recent Transit oriented development in Qatar embodies transportation and land use planning strategies targeting a cardinal improvement based on shifting from a car dependent era-associated with intense traffic congestion and environmental impacts- to public transport dependent era. The correlation between practicality of form, use, and density in transit driven urban development goes far beyond environmental influence; it also acts as a stimulus for livability, cultural stability, mobility, and socioeconomic performance. (The problem) Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) does not automatically generate better livability. The absence of a well-planned mediating element between complexity of transit stations and surrounding developments can result in TOD exclusion and decay. The comprehensive planning of multifaceted relations between built environment, mobility network and social interactions is the key to TODs revitalizing the sources of the city. (The Objective) This research study aims to form alternate integration strategies related to how public transit systems and land use fit into the larger challenge of urban transformation and regeneration, particularly focusing on the TODs of Alwakrah, Alsadd, West bay). Three governance arrangements are distinguished at the station, corridor and neighborhood levels as a catalyst for progressive sustainable urbanism and smart growth around transit stations in Qatar. (The research Design) Subsequent to a comprehensive discussion of existing literature on TODs' spatial urban form towards the improvement of livability by enhancing social interactions and capital, a thorough analysis of Alwakrah, Westbay and Alsadd transit urban zones is performed based data collected from surveys, in-depth interviews of key personal in planning authorities and site analysis documentation. (The findings and contribution to knowledge) The three primary cases are investigated and discussed individually to evaluate possible conceptual integration strategies of TODs in Qatar. The identification of ultimate relations between the morphology of single urban development features into the overall TOD environment, whilst considering social and cultural stability as a doctrine in means to resemble the incremental prototypical model of development strategies and policy making in TOD future vision of Qatar, will contribute to define measuring tools for the contemporary development of transit urban villages, where a sense of heritage, community and livability are enhanced by well-connected physical urban arrangements.

In recent decades, the transit-oriented development (TOD) concept has been widely used all over the world, especially in China, for the massive construction of urban public transportation systems with rail transit as the backbone. However, it is not easy to make significant changes in a city while building a transportation system, and the transit-guided urban development expected by the TOD concept has not been completely realized. The transformation of nearby areas with the guidance of transit is also becoming the choice of many Chinese cities, especially for cities that have only had subways for a few years. Unlike other international metropolitan cities, with metro systems of considerable scale, the modernization process of most of the small and medium-sized cities in China is being carried out simultaneously with metro-based public transportation guidance. For cities which are still in their initial stage of the backbone public transportation system, there is not enough previous experience and evidence to support the suitability of TOD typological analysis based on the node-place model. More research based on the node-place model has also shown practical applications of the TOD in developed cities. However, there are very few studies that analyse cities in which rail transit and urban development are both in a period of rapid growth. The goal of this research is to identify which metro stations in these cities are suitable for TOD improvement and optimization. This article attempts to expand the willingness of residents on the basis of the traditional node-place model as one of the judgment indicators for evaluating whether existing stations and surrounding areas are suitable for TOD improvement. At the same time, traditional statistical analysis is combined with GIS and machine learning technology. Using this method, we propose the TOD improvement-oriented station area classification and identification method based on TOD typology theory. The results show that Ningbo's subway stations can be divided into four categories according to the suitability for TOD improvement, and we selected seven stations suitable for TOD improvement according to the characteristics of the node-place model. The practice in Ningbo has proved that this method is effective for identifying sites suitable for TOD improvement, especially for cities that have recently built subways.

세계도시의 철도역들은 새로운 역사개발 및 기존역사 재생에 있어서 대중교통지향형개발(TOD) 패러다임에 의한 개발을 실시해 오고 있다. TOD는 대중교통결절점을 중심으로 고밀화, 복합적 토지이용, 보행친화적 환경조성, 다양한 대중교통수단 연계 등을 융합한 도시개발이라 할 수 있다. 국내의 연구에서는 TOD 개발에 있어 정책적, 방향성 제시를 위한 많은 연구가 진행되었다. 방법론적으로는 TOD 계획요소에 대한 대중교통이용률, 토지이용의 효율화, 지하철이용자수요와의 실증분석 등의 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 TOD의 주요 계획요소에 대한 미약한 현황분석은 TOD의 실질적인 정책적, 제도적 지원을 창출할 수 있는 근거를 마련하지 못하는 실정이며, 역세권의 문제점을 파악하는데 다양한 관점에서 고려되지 못하는 한계점을 지니고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 선행연구와 FGI를 통해 TOD 계획요소를 도출하며, 역세권 반경 500m를 기준으로 분석한 자료의 표준화(Re-Score)값과 AHP 분석을 통해 산출된 계획요소에 대한 중요도를 곱하여 평가점수를 도출한다. 분석결과 TOD 계획요소의 중요도는 접근특성, 대중교통특성, 토지이용특성, 인구특성 순으로 나타났고, 서울시 32개 주요 환승역세권은 잠실역, 사당역, 교대역 등이 TOD 평가점수가 높은 것으로 나타났다. Transit Oriented Development(TOD) has been the dominant paradigm for urban development. The traditional approach to the development of urban rail station areas demonstrates apparent weaknesses when it comes to compact and mixed-use types of development for these stations. Thus, the objective of this study is to derive evaluation indicators with which to assess urban rail station areas using TOD planning elements. A focus group interview was conducted to explore TOD planning elements. In order to examine the level of TOD to be achieved, an AHP technique was utilized to analyze the importance of several variables. Z-scores and Re-scores were applied to derive the values for the stations. The Variables related to the land use type, mixed use, floor area, and public transit were found to be the major contributing factors to the achievement of TOD in urban rail station areas. The results of this study show that the level of TOD achievement varies according to the major land use, density, accessibility, and mixed-use planning elements.

Smart City (SC) is a booming model of urban development with great potential, armed to be one of the urban development’s most powerful developing weapons. However, the development of SC is far from satisfactory. Therefore, finding new paths for SC becomes imperative. Transit Oriented Development (TOD), which often focuses on the core areas of SC, is believed to be a substantial contributor to the development of SC. Nonetheless, the relationship between SC and TOD and the effects of TOD in promoting SC are rarely studied. In this study, we proposed a conceptual framework of Smart TOD (S-TOD), which could highlight TOD 5.0 but more than that. S-TOD is an integration of SC and TOD, utilizing the deconstructive method and the abductive method. We first defined S-TOD, which integrates SC and TOD as the twin sources. Then, we employed the concept of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) to construct S-TOD in a cross-boundary path as the connection between DNA and its twin subchains can perfectly reflect the inner relationship between S-TOD and its twin sources, SC and TOD. Finally, we built up the structure of S-TOD with three layers, i.e., the cloud layer, the tactile layer, and the land zones layer. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the practical value of SC, from a perspective that has been neglected, that is, the combination with TOD, provide a new perspective for the research and practice of the integration of SC and TOD, and effectively facilitate the advantages of SC and global sustainable development.

This paper discusses the distinction between transit-oriented development (TOD) and so-called ‘transit-adjacent development’ (TAD)—a label sometimes applied to less-successful TOD efforts. It is suggested that transport performance is the key factor distinguishing between the two outcomes—and that despite complexities, clearer quantitative benchmarks are needed. Much of the literature and discussion on TOD centres around a perceived failing of many TOD project attempts to deliver a ‘genuine transit-oriented outcome’. Often, this discussion has remained at a thematic level, or has rested on subjective qualitative appraisal, or critique of design or built-form outcomes. With a few exceptions, researchers and experts have generally been reluctant to provide a clear benchmark for TOD success or failure—perhaps because so many well-intentioned TOD efforts fall short of initial expectations. This paper puts forward a proposal that mode share should be the apex metric for determining TOD project success or failure. It is suggested that a majority (50%+) of travel movements need to be accommodated by the sustainable modes (walking, cycling, and public transit) for a location to assume the label of ‘genuine TOD’. Equally, other locations that attempt TOD, but do not deliver a sustainable travel majority, might be placed in the ‘TAD’ category. Benchmark figures from international precincts and locales are used to sustain this argument—with reference to the broader planning, urban development, and design contexts in which these ideas sit.

In the coming years, transportation planners and policy makers in the United States will need to shift their focus to acknowledge the needs of the growing aging population. A principal task that must be addressed is how to cope with meeting the demands of aging adults who may not be able to operate and maintain their own personal vehicles because of growing physical and financial constraints. Transit-oriented developments (TODs), typically defined by mixed-use and pedestrian-friendly development surrounding a transit stop, are places that might benefit aging populations and meet their transportation needs. This paper explores demographic trends and characteristics surrounding transit-oriented developments. To compare how the environment has changed in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, this study examined census attributes such as people’s age, income by age, and the number of various activities performed in TODs. Also investigated were trends in TOD road infrastructure and activity locations. It was found that TODs and their adjacent areas in 2010 had a higher density of road network characteristics compared with TODs in 2000. It was also observed that aging populations (65 years and older) were a lower proportion of the population residing in TODs for 2000 and 2010. If TODs are a possible solution to meeting the accessibility needs of aging adults, more research is required to understand better how to attract aging populations to these communities.

The aim of this study was to suggest characteristics and strategies of urban development focused on Transit Oriented Development (TOD). For this study, the relevant concepts of TOD were reviewed, and the types of urban development based on TOD was surveyed. As a case study, 7 TOD projects implemented in advanced countries were analyzed in the terms to change in urban spatial structure, urban balance development and connection of public transportation. The conclusions are as follows. First, the regal system and the support mechanism for success of the public-private partnership are essential for TOD. Second, the role of public sector leads planning, implementation and management should be emphasized in the development process, and mitigation of the development density and revision of a municipal ordinance for promoting TOD are necessary. Third, a public transportation plan and land-use plan in the downtown areas should be integrated, and the enlargement of the urban infrastructure through public assets by the local authority is essential.