Abstract

AbstractExposure to silver, and hence its possible environmental effects, has been regulated since the 1960s. Rules were first developed in the United States to protect against potential negative effects to humans due to ingestion of drinking water containing silver. As regulations for other environmental media were developed, silver was generally included because of its designation as a drinking water chemical of concern. Ambient water quality criteria were developed based on the toxic action of ionic silver. In the early 1990s the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Drinking Water downgraded silver from a primary to a secondary maximum contaminant level because the effects of exposure to silver were judged to be cosmetic. Regulations pertaining to solid waste, surface waters, and occupational exposure have not been changed, but may be changed in the near future as the fate and toxic mechanisms of silver become better understood.

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