Abstract
Werner's coordination theory in 1893 was the first effort which focused on the quantity and type of groups connected to the central metal ion to characterize the bonding and interpretation of coordination complexes. According to Lewis and Sidgwick theory, ligands donate an electron pair to a metal ion to establish a coordinate bond. Crystal field theory (CFT) is effective in defining colors, magnetic characteristics, and hydration enthalpies of transition metal complexes. In 1935, molecular orbital theory (MOT) stated that molecular orbitals were formed by linear combinations of atomic orbitals. The orbital configuration, bonding, and other properties of coordinating complexes are explained by ligand field theory. To formulate the more extensive and realistic ligand field theory, which describes the process of chemical bonding in transition metal complexes, the MOT and CFT were later integrated.
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