Abstract
This article provides an introduction to the study of defense in animals and an overview to the articles in this special issue. After defining the concept of defense, a brief account is presented of the contributions to this field that have been made by various ethologists, comparative psychologists, and learning theorists. Recently, there has been a significant merging of the previously discrepant ethological and experimental approaches to the study of defense. This “ethoexperimental” approach has provided useful, detailed information about the antecedents, consequences, and biological bases of various types of defensive behavior. Finally, a synopsis is given of each of the eight articles appearing in this issue. These articles are based on a series of symposium papers delivered at the 1990 meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression (ISRA). This summary reveals the wide variety of ethoexperimental approaches and methodologies that are currently being applied to the study of both the behavioral and biological aspects of defense.
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