Histoplasma capsulatum Complement Fixation and Immunodiffusion Assay Sensitivity in Culture-Confirmed Cases of Histoplasmosis: a 10-Year Retrospective Review (2011 to 2020).

Abstract

The detection of antibodies against Histoplasma capsulatum remains a frequently relied-on approach to diagnose histoplasmosis. We retrospectively assessed the performances of complement fixation (CF) and immunodiffusion (ID) assays for anti-Histoplasma antibody detection in patients with culture-confirmed histoplasmosis at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) over a 10-year period (2011 to 2020). Among 67 culture-confirmed patients who also had H. capsulatum CF/ID testing ordered, 51 (67.1%) were immunocompromised, 34 (50.7%) had localized disease, and 51 (76.1%) presented with <3 months of symptoms before testing. H. capsulatum CF and/or ID testing was positive in 47 (70.1%) patients, with both assays being positive in 39 cases. CF was positive in 44 (65.7%) patients, with reactivity against both H. capsulatum mycelial and yeast antigens in 30 (68.2%) cases, whereas 11 (25%) and 3 (6.8%) individuals had antibodies to the CF yeast or mycelial antigen only, respectively. H. capsulatum ID was positive in 42 (62.7%) patients, with the presence of the M-band only or the H- and M-bands in 27 (64.3%) and 15 (35.7%) cases, respectively. Among 18 serially tested patients, 12 remained ID and/or CF positive at the final time point (median, 154 days; range, 20 to 480 days). Serial CF testing showed that antibodies to the mycelial antigen serorevert to negative more frequently (6/11) than antibodies to the yeast antigen (2/13). There was no statistically significant difference in antibody positivity relative to patient immune status, degree of disease dissemination, or symptom duration. Serologic testing remains a valuable asset to support the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, particularly when direct detection methods fail to identify an infection.