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Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the estrogenic effect of Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor on the histological features in carp testis Methods: Adult male fish, koi carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio, were exposed to three graded concentrations of BPA (10, 100 and 1000 µg/L) for a period of 21 days. A single dose of 17-β estradiol (1 ng/L) was used as positive control. The end points assessed at the end of the exposure period were condition factor, hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), histopathological changes in the testis and lobular diameter. Results: BPA caused a significant decrease in gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the fish at the median concentration of 100 µg/L. The major alterations observed in the gonad structure were a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.001) in the lobular diameter (65.1 ± 12.2 µm) compared with control (211.7 ± 36.60 µm) and complete loss in lobular structure with degenerating spermatozoa in some carps. The histopathological effects also include delayed sperm maturation and impaired spermatogenesis. Conclusion: The findings clearly show marked adverse histopathological effects of gonads of adult carps when exposed to BPA.
Highlights
Xenoestrogens are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that mimic the natural estrogens and have been reported to cause endocrine disarray in fish and other aquatic organisms [1]
Distinct anatomical anomalies were observed in the Testes of carps in all the treated groups showed a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001) decrease in the lobular diameter in comparison to the control (211.7 ± 36.59 μm) being marked in the group exposed to 100 μg/L Bisphenol A (BPA) (65.1 ± 12.15 μm) followed by the positive control group exposed to 1 ng/L E2 (100.6 ± 17.77 μm) (Fig 3)
The two stages of maturity exhibited in the testis were mainly the spermiation stage, with free spermatozoa (SPZ) filled in the lobular lumen and active spermatogenesis characterized by spermatogenic cysts (SC) (Fig 4 a)
Summary
Xenoestrogens are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that mimic the natural estrogens and have been reported to cause endocrine disarray in fish and other aquatic organisms [1]. The present study was aimed at assessing and understanding the deleterious alterations in the testes of sexually mature cyprinid, Koi carp Cyprinus carpio carpio exposed to graded concentrations of Bisphenol A (BPA) for 21 days. Testes of carps exposed to 100 μg/L of BPA (Fig 1 b,c) in comparison to those from the control group (Fig 1a). Marked histopathological alterations were observed in the testes of carps exposed to the low doses of BPA (10 and 100 μg/L) and E2 (positive control) in comparison to the control group. There was no significant difference observed in the Condition factor and Hepatosomatic Index of carps in the control and the treated groups. The GSI of carps in other treated groups did not vary significantly from the control (Fig 2)
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