Abstract
Aim:The aim of the present study was to diagnose infectious bursal disease (IBD) using gross, histopathological, and immunopathological approaches and to compare efficacy of immunohistochemical techniques with conventional diagnostic techniques.Materials and Methods:A total of 33 samples were collected from the six different poultry farms from Ludhiana and the nearby districts. Upon gross analysis of the necropsied birds, the relevant tissue samples such as bursa, kidney, junction of proventriculus and gizzard, heart, and muscles were then processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies.Results:Varied macroscopic changes were noted in bursa, characterized as swollen, hemorrhages to atrophy in size. Nonetheless, hemorrhages over thigh muscles were rarely seen. Histologically, the bursa showed prominent fibrotic and atrophic changes. Rarefaction of bursal follicles with intermittent infiltration of lympho-mononuclear cells with chronic cystic changes was additional changes, considered to be paramount for IBD. Expression and localization of IBD specific viral antigens were noticed mainly intracellular to the rarefied areas of bursal follicle section(s), in conjunction to inner lining of the cystic cavities of affected follicles. In addition, the junction of proventriculus and gizzard, the heart muscle, respiratory ciliated epithelium, and proventriculus also revealed positive expression to IBD virus (IBDV) antigen. Advanced immunopathological techniques, i.e., immunofluorescence further testified the evidence of antigen as positive green signal within affected follicles. Further consideration to the reliability of various techniques employed, positive correlation (r=0.64623) was emerged out with conventional pathological scoring.Conclusion:It is concluded that the bursa acts as an organ of choice for demonstrating IBDV antigen for specific diagnosis of disease using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and IHC staining is a precise, specific, rapid, and reliable method to demonstrate the IBDV antigen in the altered tissues due to IBDV infection.
Highlights
Poultry farming has always been an integral component of livestock production
Expression and localization of infectious bursal disease (IBD) specific viral antigens were noticed mainly intracellular to the rarefied areas of bursal follicle section(s), in conjunction to inner lining of the cystic cavities of affected follicles
It is concluded that the bursa acts as an organ of choice for demonstrating IBD virus (IBDV) antigen for specific diagnosis of disease using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and IHC staining is a precise, specific, rapid, and reliable method to demonstrate the IBDV antigen in the altered tissues due to IBDV infection
Summary
Besides providing egg and meat, it proves to be a good and reliable source of income in rural areas [1]. There are several viral, bacterial, parasitic, and managemental diseases of poultry that cause direct financial loss to farmers. IBD, known as Gumboro disease [2], based on the area of its first identification (in Gumboro, Delaware United States of America, USA); avian nephrosis [3] and avian infectious bursitis, is classified as an economically important disease of poultry. It is caused by a virus that is member of genus Avibirnavirus of family Birnaviridae with two serotypes of this virus, which have been recognized so far, i.e., serotype 1 and serotype 2 of which serotype 1 is considered pathogenic [4].
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