Abstract
The complexity of immune system is tempered by precise regulation to maintain stabilization when exposed to various conditions. A subtle change in gene expression may be magnified when drastic changes are brought about in cellular development and function. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) timely alter the functional activity of immune system, and work proceeded in these years has begun to throw light upon it. Posttranslational modifications of histone tails have been mentioned in a large scale of biological developments and disease progression, thereby making them a central field to investigate. Conventional assessments of these changes are centered on the transcription factors and cytokines in T cells regulated by variable histone codes to achieve chromatin remodeling, as well as involved in many human diseases, especially autoimmune diseases. We here put forward an essential review of core posttranslational modulations that regulate T cell function and differentiation in the immune system, with a special emphasis on histone modifications in different T helper cell subsets as well as in autoimmune diseases.
Highlights
The chromatin remodeling happens in the modifications themselves and in the downstream events they produce for the protein-binding
We have found that Regulatory factor X-box 1 (RFX1) can recruit a histone methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 3–9 (Drosophila) homolog 1 (SUV39H1) to the CD11a and CD70 genes promoter in CD4+ T cells
This study indicated an intriguing founding of JMJD3, which is one of the H3K27 demethylases, have been overexpressed in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) CD4+ T cells
Summary
The chromatin remodeling happens in the modifications themselves and in the downstream events they produce for the protein-binding. This tetramer is linked to two H2B/H2A heterodimers with two four-helix bundles as well as histones H2B and H4, thereby giving the core octamer integrity [8] These core histone proteins are often found enriched in lysine and arginine residues that can be altered to respond to external environments, permitting regulation of gene expression by affecting the intersection between DNA and the other chromatin elements. Tain PTMs inside the gene may result in the totally different geHneisteoxnpereissseinocno.deAd hbiystoanneePlaTboMrattehactolilsecgtieonneoraf lldyivceorsnesipdoesrtterdantsolatbioenaalctmivoadtiifnicgatcioanns be found inipnrrcoellupindreiensigssoleymdsiengreieznaacteiesot.ny,laAtioDnP, arginine and ribosylation, lysine methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination (Ub), arginine citrullination, sumoylation, carbonylation and Hisbtioontineyilsateinoncodtheadt bdyiraecntleylaobroriantdeirceoctlllyectiinoflnueonfcdeivcehrrsoempatoinsttrsatrnuscltautrieon[a9,l1m0].odAimficoantgionthseisnecluding lysine amceotdyifliactaitoionn,sa, ragcientyinlaetioanndanldysmineethmylaettihonylatrieonth,epmhoostphwoidryellyatsiotund,ieudbi[q2,u11it–i1n5a].tiFounn(cUtiobn)a,lproline isomerizfeaattiuorne,s AoDf Ptherisbeomsyoldaitfiocant,ioanrsgihnaivnee bcieternulilminpaltieiodni,nsuamwoiydleatriaonng,ecaorfbcoenllyldaetvioelnopamndenbt ioantidnylation that diredcitffleyreonrtiiantdioinr.ectly influence chromatin structure [9,10] A tendency of increasingly rifeness of PTMs is discovered in histone protein as potential biomarkers, such as global difference in histone acetylation or H3K9 and H3K27 methylation, which are widely used in monitoring disease
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