Abstract
Nowadays, we can observe a worldwide trend towards the development of synthetic biomaterials. Several studies have been conducted to better understand the cellular mechanisms involved in the processes of inflammation and bone healing related to living tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate tissue behaviors of two different types of biomaterials: synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate composite and bone xenograft in sub-critical bone defects in rat calvaria. Twenty-four rats underwent experimental surgery in which two 3 mm defects in each cavity were tested. Rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 used xenogen hydroxyapatite (Bio Oss™); Group 2 used synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (Blue Bone™). Sixty days after surgery, calvaria bone defects were filled with biomaterial, animals were euthanized, and tissues were stained with Masson’s trichrome and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) techniques, immune-labeled with anti-TNF-α and anti-MMP-9, and electron microscopy analyses were also performed. Histomorphometric analysis indicated a greater presence of protein matrix in Group 2, in addition to higher levels of TNF-α and MMP-9. Ultrastructural analysis showed that biomaterial fibroblasts were associated with the tissue regeneration stage. Paired statistical data indicated that Blue Bone™ can improve bone formation/remodeling when compared to biomaterials of xenogenous origin.
Highlights
Biomaterial evolution has provided countless discoveries in the bone-guided regeneration research field, leading to the development of bioactive materials
Song et al concluded that a combination of synthetic HA and β-TCP in different proportions could lead to rapid replacement of newly formed bone provided by β-TCP, with a slow absorption of hydroxyapatite, to maintain the volume of the grafted area [7]
We found that some inflammatory mediators and enzymes related to bone matrix remodeling were more promptly expressed with the nano-HA/β-TCP composite, supporting histological findings that suggest an improvement in new bone matrix production, over xenogenic HA, in experimental conditions
Summary
Biomaterial evolution has provided countless discoveries in the bone-guided regeneration research field, leading to the development of bioactive materials. It is possible to employ direct matrix deposition and reabsorption modulating cells involved in various tissue regeneration processes [1]. Among these materials, bone xenograft has been extensively studied and has provided extensive literature with new scientific evidence [2]. As biotechnology has evolved, other materials have emerged and have different compositions and origins, with the aim to provide materials free from genetic products, the so-called synthetics (alloplastics). Song et al concluded that a combination of synthetic HA and β-TCP in different proportions (ratios) could lead to rapid replacement of newly formed bone provided by β-TCP, with a slow absorption of hydroxyapatite, to maintain the volume of the grafted area [7]
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