Histomorphometric and molecular biologic comparison of bioactive glass granules and autogenous bone grafts in augmentation of bone defect healing.

Abstract

The applicability of bioactive glass (BG) granules as a substitute for bone grafts was tested by comparing the histologic, histomorphometric, and molecular biologic healing patterns to those of bone autografts and ungrafted bone defects in a rat model. The cellular response in defects filled with BG granules was characterized by continuous overexpression of type III collagen. Osteogenic mesenchymal cells, prior to their differentiation to osteoblasts, organized as a dense periosteumlike layer on the surface of the BG granules. By day 14 new bone formation was more extensive in autografted defects than in BG filled defects (p = 0.039). No cartilage-specific type II collagen mRNA was detectable, confirming the uniformity of intramembranous bone formation. The difference in the initiation of new bone formation was further confirmed by the mRNA analyses of the de novo production of TGF-beta 1 and type I collagen. Autografted defects demonstrated the highest levels of TGF-beta 1 and type I collagen mRNAs during the first 2 weeks of healing, whereas BG-filled defects showed biphasic expression patterns of the same genes. Spontaneous new bone formation in ungrafted bone defects was also characterized by biphasic expression of type I collagen gene. Osteonectin mRNA declined gradually over time in autografted and BG filled defects, whereas unfilled defects showed a gradual increase of osteonectin mRNA during healing. By 8 weeks, about 70% of the BG surface showed evidence of direct new bone contact. Energy-dispersing X-ray analyses confirmed the presence of silica-rich and CaP-rich zones at the bonding interface. In conclusion, the osteoconductive surface of bioactive glass granules efficiently bonds to ongrowing new bone but the material does not reach the capacity of autogenous bone graft in promotion of osteogenesis.