Abstract
Certain contemporary histology stains and methods are not the same as those used in the past. This progression has delved into the requirement for more precise, less complex, and efficient staining procedures. The objective of this study is to assess historical and contemporary stains and procedures, as well as the challenges surrounding their improvement. Carmine, hematoxylin, silver nitrate, Giemsa, trichome stain, Gram stain, and mauveine were among the first histological stains discovered in nature. Aside from their utility in the study of tissues at the time, they also laid the groundwork for the development of commercial dyes that are still in use today. Hematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl-Nielsen (ZN) stain, periodic acid-Schiff stain, and Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver stain are some of the most recently developed histological stains. The future of histological stains and processes appears to be influenced by technological advancements and the demand for cost-effective diagnostic approaches in the healthcare system. Thus, currently used histological stains appear to be economical, quick, and reliable tools for interpreting, archiving, and delivering essential diagnoses that could not be achieved by any other means.
Highlights
BackgroundThe practice of histology refers to the microscopic study of plant and animal cells and tissues through the processes of staining, sectioning, and studying them under either a light or electron microscope [1]
Hematoxylin, silver nitrate, Giemsa, trichome stain, Gram stain, and mauveine were among the first histological stains discovered in nature
A literature search on online medical databases for scholarly articles published from June 2011 to June 2021 was carried out on PubMed, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) Medscape, EBSCO, Medline, and PsycINFO using keywords such as ‘histochemistry’, ‘histopathology’, ‘immunohistochemistry’, ‘histology’, and ‘surgical pathology’
Summary
The practice of histology refers to the microscopic study of plant and animal cells and tissues through the processes of staining, sectioning, and studying them under either a light or electron microscope [1]. Fixation is the addition of special substances such as chemicals to tissues under investigation to preserve them by halting the progression of various biochemical processes that lead to degradation [1]. Fixation has been shown to alter the structure of the nucleus, and genetic material cannot be studied upon fixation. This has led to Bouin's fixative for soft and delicate tissues such as those obtained from the brain or an embryo. Bouin fixative serves as an ideal preservative for glycogen and nuclei, but it is known to distort the structure of kidney tissues and the mitochondria [2]
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