Histological Lesions in Mink Jaws Are a Highly Sensitive Biomarker of Effect After Exposure to TCDD-Like Chemicals: Field and Literature-Based Confirmations

Abstract

The mink (Mustela vison) is one of the most sensitive mammals to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-like chemicals. By literature review we established that a histological lesion of the jaw bone of mink, evidenced by squamous epithelial hyperplasia in the gingival tissue that forms nests or cords that infiltrate the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone causing osteolysis of the mandible and maxilla that could lead to squamous cell carcinoma, is the most sensitive known biomarker of effect following exposure of mink to TCDD-like chemicals. Lesions have been observed when total TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQ: dioxins, furans, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs) in liver exceed 40 ng/kg wet weight (ww) or when total PCB exceeds 1698 ng/g ww. This is the second report of histological evidence of this lesion in wild-caught mink, and it is the first report of the lesion being grossly detectable in naturally exposed mink. Some mink living near the south shore of Lake Ontario (exposed to the lake's food web), but not inland mink (not exposed to the lake's food web), accumulate more than 40 ng total TEQ/kg or 1698 ng total PCB/kg in liver. Because of its sensitivity, the jaw lesion biomarker is very useful for assessing the health of wildlife populations exposed to TCDD-like chemicals.