Abstract
Aminoglycoside (AMG) antibiotics are being applied to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, mainly in livestock, and are prescribed only in severe cases because of their adverse impacts on human health and the environment. Monitoring antibiotic residues in dairy products relies on the accessibility of portable and efficient analytical techniques. Presently, high-throughput screening techniques have been proposed to detect several antimicrobial drugs having identical structural and functional features. The L-histidine functionalized gold nanoparticles (His@AuNPs) do not form a complex with other tested antibiotic classes but show high selectivity for AMG antibiotics. We used ligand-induced aggregation of His@AuNPs as a rapid and sensitive localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) assay for AMG antibiotics, producing longitudinal extinction shifts at 660 nm. Herein, we explore the practical application of His@AuNPs to detect streptomycin spiked in water, milk, and whey fraction of milk with nanomolar level sensitivity. The ability of the analytical method to recognize target analytes sensitively and rapidly is of great significance to perform monitoring, thus would certainly reassure widespread use of AMG antibiotics. The biosynthesis of hybrid organic–inorganic metal nanoparticles like His@AuNPs with desired size distribution, stability, and specific host–guest recognition proficiency, would further facilitate applications in various other fields.
Highlights
IntroductionThe developed methods are based on different approaches, including inhibition of microbial growth [19,20], toggled RNA aptamers [21], electrochemical RNA aptamer [22], multivalence aptamer probes [23], localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based sensors [17,24], chlorophyll-based fluorescent sensing [25], paperbased fluorescence detector [26], microbial receptor-based assays [27], microfluidic system with fluorometric detection [28], liquid chromatographic assays [29,30] and immunoassays [31]
The green synthesis of His@AuNPs was performed; the process seems greatly dependent on the alkaline pH conditions, wherein involves deprotonation of L-histidine functional groups [73,74]
Recognition mechanisms like host–guest functionality of L-histidine ligands, the degree of His@AuNPs aggregation controlled by increasing concentration of cationic guest like AMG antibiotics with a high positive charge, convey consistent changes in visible color and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) signal
Summary
The developed methods are based on different approaches, including inhibition of microbial growth [19,20], toggled RNA aptamers [21], electrochemical RNA aptamer [22], multivalence aptamer probes [23], LSPR-based sensors [17,24], chlorophyll-based fluorescent sensing [25], paperbased fluorescence detector [26], microbial receptor-based assays [27], microfluidic system with fluorometric detection [28], liquid chromatographic assays [29,30] and immunoassays [31] Some of these methods or assays seem to be laborious and time-consuming and not applicable for processing many samples to be screened for several antibiotics from the same class or different. This method was used further to demonstrate the possibility of quantitative streptomycin detection and develop practical applications for complex samples like milk and whey fraction of milk
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