Abstract
Histamine intolerance, also referred to as enteral histaminosis or sensitivity to dietary histamine, is a disorder associated with an impaired ability to metabolize ingested histamine that was described at the beginning of the 21st century. Although interest in histamine intolerance has considerably grown in recent years, more scientific evidence is still required to help define, diagnose and clinically manage this condition. This article will provide an updated review on histamine intolerance, mainly focusing on its etiology and the existing diagnostic and treatment strategies. In this work, a glance on histamine intoxication will also be provided, as well as the analysis of some uncertainties historically associated to histamine intoxication outbreaks that may be better explained by the existence of interindividual susceptibility to ingested histamine.
Highlights
In 2011, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued a scientific report warning that the levels of biogenic amines found in foods marketed in European Union countries may still entail a consumer health risk [1]
Histamine intolerance, referred to as enteral histaminosis or sensitivity to dietary histamine, is a disorder associated with an impaired ability to metabolize ingested histamine that was described at the beginning of the 21st century
This review aims to analyze the pathophysiological relevance of dietary histamine, giving special focus to the adverse effects derived from histamine intake and, in particular, to the state of the art concerning the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of histamine intolerance
Summary
In 2011, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued a scientific report warning that the levels of biogenic amines found in foods marketed in European Union countries may still entail a consumer health risk [1]. First described more than 60 years ago, the deleterious effects of excessive histamine ingestion were initially referred to as scombroid fish poisoning or scombrotoxicosis, as they were associated with the consumption of fish in this family, but the condition is known as histamine intoxication or histamine poisoning. In recent years, another disorder associated with histamine intake, arising from an enzymatic deficiency, has been described. Histamine intolerance has gained social and scientific recognition, with a significant increase in the interest of researchers to investigate this disorder. This review aims to analyze the pathophysiological relevance of dietary histamine, giving special focus to the adverse effects derived from histamine intake and, in particular, to the state of the art concerning the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of histamine intolerance
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