Abstract
Massive plastic accumulation has been taking place across diverse landscapes since the 1950s, when large-scale plastic production started. Nowadays, societies struggle with continuously increasing concerns about the subsequent pollution and environmental stresses that have accompanied this plastic revolution. Degradation of used plastics is highly time-consuming and causes volumetric aggregation, mainly due to their high strength and bulky structure. The size of these agglomerations in marine and freshwater basins increases daily. Exposure to weather conditions and environmental microflora (e.g., bacteria and microalgae) can slowly corrode the plastic structure. As has been well documented in recent years, plastic fragments are widespread in marine basins and partially in main global rivers. These are potential sources of negative effects on global food chains. Cyanobacteria (e.g., Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, and Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942), which are photosynthetic microorganisms and were previously identified as blue-green algae, are currently under close attention for their abilities to capture solar energy and the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide for the production of high-value products. In the last few decades, these microorganisms have been exploited for different purposes (e.g., biofuels, antioxidants, fertilizers, and ‘superfood’ production). Microalgae (e.g., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) are also suitable for environmental and biotechnological applications based on the exploitation of solar light. Can photosynthetic bacteria and unicellular eukaryotic algae play a role for further scientific research in the bioremediation of plastics of different sizes present in water surfaces? In recent years, several studies have been targeting the utilization of microorganisms for plastic bioremediation. Among the different phyla, the employment of wild-type or engineered cyanobacteria may represent an interesting, environmentally friendly, and sustainable option.
Highlights
Plastic debris is a widely documented environmental problem and issue of public concern
Due to the difficulty of dealing with natural conditions, and based on the information from previously published investigations, we suggest that the initial studies regarding metabolic engineered cyanobacteria for plastic biodegradation should be performed using a culture-based approach [79,81]
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that are often colonizing the buoyant microplastics in marine and freshwater
Summary
Plastic debris is a widely documented environmental problem and issue of public concern. The average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to have decreased, and the abundance and global distribution of microplastic fragments have increased significantly over the last few decades. The removal of pollutants via biosorption has been applied for decades as a cost-effective method to clean the environment [22]. One of the most studied microalgae is C. reinhardtii (order: Chlamydomonodales, class: Chlorophyceae; see algaebase.org) [26,27] Investigations using this model unicellular green algae have been focused on its biotechnological applications (e.g., bioproducts), flagella, algal photosynthesis and physiology, and even genome integrity [26,28]. A less intensive studied microalga, the marine diatom P. tricornutum, was newly applied as a cell factory to express an engineered version of a PET-degrading enzyme [30]. The approaches can be classified as (i) metabolism dependent, or bioaccumulation, and (ii) metabolism independent, or passive biosorption [31]
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