Abstract
Throughout history, retaining walls (RWs) have served a vital role in supporting civil infrastructure. The ruins of dry stone walls that purportedly supported the hills and slopes of ancient Rome can be seen today in the underground corridors of the Colosseum, and within the ruins of the Forum and Circus Maximus. Within our National Highway System, retaining walls are an integral part of bridge abutments, grade separations, and highway embankments, and in many situations are used to support and protect transportation assets such as roads, rivers, and railways. Compared to pavements and bridges, retaining walls require less maintenance. However, and perhaps due to such success, records of wall construction, design, and performance are minimal.
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