Abstract
.Significance: Photobiomodulation is a well-established therapeutic modality. However, the mechanism of action is poorly understood, due to lack of research in the causal relationship between the near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation and its specific biological effects, hindering broader applications of this technology.Aim: Since biological chromophores typically show several absorption peaks, we determined whether specific effects of photobiomodulation are induced with a combination of two wavelengths at a certain range of irradiance only, rather than a single wavelength of NIR light.Approach: In order to analyze a wide array of combinations of multispectral NIR light at various irradiances efficiently, we developed a new optical platform equipped with two distinct wavelengths of NIR lasers by high-throughput multiple dosing for single-cell live imaging. Two wavelengths of 1064 and 1270 nm were selected based on their photobiomodulatory effects reported in the literature.Results: A specific combination of wavelengths at low irradiances (250 to for 1064 nm and 55 to for 1270 nm) modulates mitochondrial retrograde signaling, including intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species in T cells. The time-dependent density functional theory computation of binding of nitric oxide (NO) to cytochrome c oxidase indicates that the illumination with NIR light could result in the NO release, which might be involved in these changes.Conclusions: This optical platform is a powerful tool to study causal relationship between a specific parameter of NIR light and its biological effects. Such a platform is useful for a further mechanistic study on not only photobiomodulation but also other modalities in photomedicine.
Highlights
Near-infrared (NIR) light (650 to 1700 nm) has been extensively used in various medical procedures and bioimaging with its unique physical properties
Since low power NIR light, typically 1 mW to 5 W∕cm[2], shows diverse biological effects, including pain relief, facilitation of tissue regeneration, and reduction of the inflammation,[7,8,9,10,11] which is broadly defined as photobiomodulation, the use of NIR light has been explored for a wide array of therapeutic purposes during the past decades.[10]
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria has been regarded as the primary source of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) across organisms,[14] while ROS can be generated across complexes I to IV in the ETC and other compartments in mitochondria.[7,8,16,17,18]
Summary
Near-infrared (NIR) light (650 to 1700 nm) has been extensively used in various medical procedures and bioimaging with its unique physical properties. Since low power NIR light, typically 1 mW to 5 W∕cm[2], shows diverse biological effects, including pain relief, facilitation of tissue regeneration, and reduction of the inflammation,[7,8,9,10,11] which is broadly defined as photobiomodulation, the use of NIR light has been explored for a wide array of therapeutic purposes during the past decades.[10]. There is a paucity of studies to investigate interactions of NIR light of 1000 to 1400 nm with mitochondrial retrograde signaling to advance our understanding on the mode of action of this particular range of NIR light
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