High‐throughput experimentation in atom transfer radical polymerization: A general approach toward a directed design and understanding of optimal catalytic systems

Abstract

AbstractHigh‐throughput experimentation (HTE) was successfully applied in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) for the rapid screening and optimization of different reaction conditions. A library of 108 different reactions was designed for this purpose, which used four different initiators [ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate, methyl 2‐bromopropionate, (1‐bromoethyl)benzene, and p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride], five metal salts (CuBr, CuCl, CuSCN, FeBr2, and FeCl2), and nine ligands (2,2′‐bipyridine and its derivatives). The optimal reaction conditions for Cu(I) halide, CuSCN, and Fe(II) halide‐mediated ATRP systems with 2,2′‐bipyridine and its 4,4′‐dialkyl‐substituted derivatives as ligands were determined. Cu(I)‐mediated systems were better controlled than Fe(II)‐mediated ones under the examined conditions. A bipyridine‐type ligand with a critical length of the substituted alkyl group (i.e., 4,4′‐dihexyl 2,2′‐bipyridine) exhibited the best performance in Cu(I)‐mediated systems, and p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate could effectively initiate Cu(I)‐mediated ATRP of MMA, resulting in polymers with low polydispersities in most cases. Besides, Cu(I) halide‐mediated ATRP with 4,5′‐dimethyl 2,2′‐bipyridine as the ligand and p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride as the initiator proved to be better controlled than those with 4,4′‐dimethyl 2,2′‐bipyridine as the ligand, and polymers with much lower polydispersities were obtained in the former cases. This successful HTE example opens up a way to significantly accelerate the development of new catalytic systems for ATRP and to improve the understanding of structure–property relationships of the reaction systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1876–1885, 2004