Abstract
Ceramics derived from organic polymer precursors, which have exceptional mechanical and chemical properties that are stable up to temperatures slightly below 2000 °C, are referred to as polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs). These molecularly designed amorphous ceramics have the same high mechanical and chemical properties as conventional powder-based ceramics, but they also demonstrate improved oxidation resistance and creep resistance and low pyrolysis temperature. Since the early 1970s, PDCs have attracted widespread attention due to their unique microstructures, and the benefits of polymeric precursors for advanced manufacturing techniques. Depending on various doping elements, molecular configurations, and microstructures, PDCs may also be beneficial for electrochemical applications at elevated temperatures that exceed the applicability of other materials. However, the microstructural evolution, or the conversion, segregation, and decomposition of amorphous nanodomain structures, decreases the reliability of PDC products at temperatures above 1400 °C. This review investigates structure-related properties of PDC products at elevated temperatures close to or higher than 1000 °C, including manufacturing production, and challenges of high-temperature PDCs. Analysis and future outlook of high-temperature structural and electrical applications, such as fibers, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs), and sensors, within high-temperature regimes are also discussed.
Highlights
Ceramics, which are often defined as nonmetallic, inorganic solid materials, have existed for more than 9000 years [1]
Conventional Si-based advanced ceramics such as SiC or Si3 N4, which are manufactured via the powder route [5], have shown exceptional creep and oxidation resistance up to temperatures exceeding 1000 ◦ C without loss of structure and functionality
The development of additive manufacturing technologies means that powders can generate complex structures as as metals or polymers [6], energy-efficient fabrication of fibers, coatings, films, or ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) from powders is still difficult [5]
Summary
Ceramics, which are often defined as nonmetallic, inorganic solid materials, have existed for more than 9000 years [1]. Silicon-based PDCs are produced via thermal pyrolysis of crosslinked organosilicon precursors that may contain light elements such as C, H, O, N, or B at temperatures as high as 1400 ◦ C [8]. SiCN amorphous ceramics are generally produced from preceramic precursors that contain Si, N, and C via high-temperature (usually ~1000 ◦ C) annealing in inert environments. The doped SiOC phase has been shown to impede the diffusion of O2 at high temperatures and inhibit the decomposition of the microstructure [11,15]. As previous studies have shown, the phase, microstructures, thermal stability, and high-temperature behaviors of synthesized ceramics can be modified by incorporating high-temperature behaviors of synthesized ceramics can be modified by incorporating different types of hetero-elements into the Si-based precursors at the molecular level. Of PDCs can be found in the previously published review articles
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