High-Precision Measuring System for Internal Deformation Monitoring Pipeline of Rockfill Dams: Design and Validation

Abstract

The monitoring of internal deformation in rockfill dams using pre-buried flexible pipelines is a promising technique; however, achieving precise measurements over a long-range pipeline is crucial and challenging. In this paper, we present a high-precision pipeline measuring system for monitoring internal deformation in rockfill dams, which can simultaneously measure the pipeline centerline and cross-section geometry. The system leverages the inertial measurement principle to perform positioning by fusing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) with odometers. It utilizes a Kalman filter and Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) smoothing to estimate the optimal 3D curves of the pipeline. The pipeline’s inner diameter is measured using three wheel swing arms and a set of load-bearing wheels, and the pipeline cross-section geometry is fitted using a direct least-square ellipse fitting approach. Finally, we validated the measuring system through both model and on-site experiments and compared the measurements with the Leica AT-960LR absolute tracker and hydraulic overflow settlement gauge. The results indicate that the measuring system has excellent accuracy for measuring pipeline curves and deformation, and the settlement trend is consistent with the hydraulic overflow settlement gauge. We also assessed the cross-section deformation of the deformation monitoring pipeline in the Lianghekou dam for six months, and the results showed that if deployed in strict accordance with the design requirements, the monitoring pipeline buried inside the rockfill dam would not deform significantly. These findings provide a tremendous incentive for the continued development of rockfill dam internal deformation monitoring.