Highly stable organic photothermal agent based on near-infrared-II fluorophores for tumor treatment

Yunjian Xu,Shaoqiang Li,Rui Hu,Zhenjiang Chen,Shiqi Wang,Yihua Zhao,Liwei Liu,Junle Qu

doi:10.1186/s12951-021-00782-y

Abstract

BackgroundThe aim to develop a highly stable near-infrared (NIR) photoinduced tumor therapy agent stems from its considerable potential for biological application. Due to its long wavelength, biological imaging exhibits a high signal-to-background ratio, deep tissue penetration and maximum permissible light power, which can minimize damage to an organism during photoinduced tumor therapy.ResultsA class of stable NIR-II fluorophores (NIR998, NIR1028, NIR980, NIR1030, and NIR1028-S) based on aza–boron–dipyrromethene (aza-BODIPY) dyes with donor–acceptor-donor structures have been rationally designed and synthesized by harnessing the steric relaxation effect and intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (IPET). These fluorophores exhibit an intense range of NIR-II emission, large Stokes shift (≥ 100 nm), excellent photothermal conversion performance, and superior stability against photobleaching. Among the NIR-II fluorophores, NIR998 possesses better NIR-II emission and photothermal conversion performance. NIR998 nanoparticles (NIR998 NPs) can be encapsulated by liposomes. NIR998 NPs show superior stability in the presence of light, heat, and reactive oxygen nitrogen species than that of indocyanine green NPs, as well as a higher photothermal conversion ability (η = 50.5%) compared to other photothermal agents. Finally, under the guidance of photothermal imaging, NIR998 NPs have been proven to effectively eliminate tumors via their excellent photothermal conversion performance while presenting negligible cytotoxicity.ConclusionsUtilizing IPET and the steric relaxation effect can effectively induce NIR-II emission of aza-BODIPY dyes. Stable NIR998 NPs have excellent photothermal conversion performance and negligible dark cytotoxicity, so they have the potential to act as photothermal agents in biological applications.

Highlights

The aim to develop a highly stable near-infrared (NIR) photoinduced tumor therapy agent stems from its considerable potential for biological application
Design and synthesis of NIR‐II fluorophores The D–A–D system with intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer properties is an effective strategy for developing low-band gap NIR dyes for biological application in vivo [21]
Aza-BODIPY as an inherent photothermal agent was chosen as the research object [22], and aza-BODIPYs with D–A–D structures, especially, with alkyl aniline parts serving as a strong electron donor, exhibit satisfactory NIR-I absorption and emission [23]

Summary

Results

A class of stable NIR-II fluorophores (NIR998, NIR1028, NIR980, NIR1030, and NIR1028-S) based on aza– boron–dipyrromethene (aza-BODIPY) dyes with donor–acceptor-donor structures have been rationally designed and synthesized by harnessing the steric relaxation effect and intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (IPET). These fluorophores exhibit an intense range of NIR-II emission, large Stokes shift (≥ 100 nm), excellent photothermal conversion performance, and superior stability against photobleaching. Under the guidance of photothermal imaging, NIR998 NPs have been proven to effectively eliminate tumors via their excellent photothermal conversion performance while presenting negligible cytotoxicity

Conclusions

Background

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Methods