Abstract
Studying renal microcirculation and its dynamics is of great importance for understanding the renal function and further aiding the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of renal pathologies. In this paper, we present a potentially useful method to provide high-sensitive volumetric imaging of renal microcirculations using ultrahigh-sensitive optical microangiography (UHS-OMAG). The UHS-OMAG image system used here is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography, which uses a broadband light source centered at 1300 nm with an imaging speed of 150 frames per second that requires ~6.7 sec to complete one 3D scan of ~2.5 × 2.5 mm2 area. The technique is sensitive enough to image capillary networks, such as peritubular capillaries within renal cortex. We show the ability of UHS-OMAG to provide depth-resolved volumetric images of capillary level renal microcirculation. We also show that UHS-OMAG is capable of monitoring the changes of renal microcirculation in response to renal ischemia and reperfusion. Finally, we attempt to show the capability of OMAG to provide quantitative analysis about velocity changes in a single capillary vessel (down to tens of microns per second) in response to the ischemic event.
Highlights
Many factors have been identified that play an important role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1] to end-stage renal failure
Detection of renal microcirculation abnormalities would help the early diagnosis of CKD before it progresses to renal failure
Thereafter, the mouse was positioned under the scanning probe; adjustment can be done to make sure the whole scanning area was on kidney as monitored by real time optical microangiography (OMAG)/optical coherence tomography (OCT) structural images displayed on the computer screen
Summary
Many factors have been identified that play an important role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1] to end-stage renal failure. Various techniques were applied to image the renal circulation, which include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [4], computational tomography (CT) [5,6,7], ultrasound [8,9] and optical microscope modalities [10]. Among these methods, the resolution of MRI and CT is not high enough to resolve the microvasculature within renal cortex, whereas ultrasound requires the injection of microbubbles as contrast agents and suffers from low sensitivity to capillary vessels. A non-invasive, contrast agent free, high-resolution and high-sensitive imaging technique capable of visualizing detailed renal microvasculature, especially capillary networks within renal cortex would be a significant advance
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