Abstract
This paper reports the application of wavelength modulated differential photothermal radiometry (WM-DPTR) to blood alcohol (ethanol) concentration (BAC) measurements in the mid-infrared range to prevent impaired driving. In-vivo alcohol consumption measurements performed in the BAC range of interest (0-80 mg/dl) with an optimal wavelength pair demonstrated the alcohol detection capability of WM-DPTR with high resolution (~5 mg/dl) and a low detection limit (~10 mg/dl). Oral glucose tolerance tests using both glucose and alcohol sensitive wavelength pairs in the normal-to-hyperglycemia range (~80-320 mg/dl) proved the blood glucose screening ability and ethanol detection specificity of WM-DPTR. The immunity of WM-DPTR to temperature and glucose variation makes the differential signals alcohol sensitive and specific, yielding precise and accurate noninvasive alcohol measurements in the interstitial fluid.
Highlights
Driving while impaired by alcohol can be deadly
Water-ethanol and water-glucose phantoms were scanned with a single laser beam from 8.0 μm to 10 μm in order to compare optical and photothermal radiometry (PTR) signal spectroscopic properties of ethanol and glucose
In order to remove the interference from blood glucose, the absorption band of which overlaps with alcohol, an optimal alcohol sensitive wavelength pair, λaA = 9.56 μm and λaB = 9.77 μm, was identified through theoretical simulations aimed at screening off the glucose effect by tuning the laser to equal absorption coefficients at the optimal wavelength pair
Summary
Driving while impaired by alcohol can be deadly. In 2016, there were 10,497 fatalities in alcohol-impaired-driving in the US, an average of 1 every 50 minutes. Current IIDs are mostly based on fuel cell technology to measure breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), which requires frequent sampling, maintenance and calibration services. TruTouch is a tissue spectrometry technology in the near infrared (NIR) range (1.25 μm – 2.5 μm) It measures light diffusely reflected back by the skin. Autoliv is a breath-based distant spectrometry technology It measures alcohol and CO2 concentrations simultaneously in the surrounding area and calculates alcohol concentration present in human breath. The difficulty with this technology is the variability of BrAC reading due to sample collection and complicated calibration procedures. A major problem with sweat alcohol tests is inconsistency of results from person to person This low reliability causes low validity of results
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