Highly Sensitive and Selective Poly(vinyl chloride)-Membrane Potentiometric Sensors Based on a Calix[4]arene Derivative for 2-Furaldehyde

Abstract

A 2-furaldehyde-selective PVC-membrane electrode is designed based on the host-guest interaction between tetrabenzyl ether Calix[4]arene, as an ionophore, and a lipophilic hydrazone derivative generated in situ from reaction of 2-furaldehyde and Girard's reagent T. At a pH of 9.2, the electrode exhibits a Nernstian response over the 2-furaldehyde concentration range of (5.0 x 10(-5))-(1.0 x 10(-1)) M. The electrode has found to be chemically inert and of adequate stability with a response time of 15 s with a good reproducibility (+/-0.2 mV) and can be used for a long working lifetime. In order to improve the minimum detectable concentration of 2-furaldehyde, further studies have been performed using a coated graphite electrode and coated platinum and gold disks. Some analytical aspects of adsorptive square wave voltammetry have also been presented in order to elucidate the adduct formation between 2-furaldehyde and Girard's reagent T. The interfering effects of some Na(+), K(+), NH(4)(+), formaldehyde, 5-hydroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde (HMF), excess of Girard's reagent T and organic solvents such as isopropyl alcohol and N,N-dimethylformamide on the sensor's response have been studied. The viability of using the electrode for the trace determination of 2-furaldehyde in several Iranian oil refinery wastewater samples is also demonstrated. The results obtained from the developed method for real samples are compared with those from UV-spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic experiments.