Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of tinidazole and chloramphenicol in food samples (egg, honey and milk)

Abstract

In this study, an environmentally friendly, highly selective, and sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for the simultaneous determination of tinidazole (TIN) and chloramphenicol (CAP) using a choline chloride-modified glassy carbon electrode (ChCl/GCE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry techniques were utilized for electrochemical and morphological characterization. The proposed sensor showed an excellent performance with a wide linear range of 0.010–170 μM and 0.005–300 μM for TIN and CAP, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.90 nM and 3.0 nM for TIN and 0.27 nM and 0.89 nM for CAP, respectively. ChCl/GCE demonstrated remarkable selectivity over potentially interfering species, including antibiotics, organic and inorganic substances, as well as exceptional repeatability, reproducibility, and long-term stability. The sensor was successfully applied to simultaneously determine TIN and CAP in food samples (eggs, honey, and milk) with acceptable recovery values of 93.0–104 % and relative standard deviations (RSD) below 5 %. Therefore, the developed electrochemical sensor is an excellent alternative for simultaneously determining TIN and CAP in food samples.