Highly selective colorimetric and electrochemical sensing of iron (III) using Nile red functionalized graphene film

Abstract

We report a highly selective method for identification and detection of iron (III) (ferric iron, Fe3+) using Nile red (NR) as a complexing agent. Fe3+ preferentially binds with NR in dimethylformamide (DMF)/water (1:1) solution over other cations such as Fe2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+ and Cd2+ at room temperature. In the presence of Fe3+, the color of NR solution changes from purple to dark brown, which is detectable with bare eyes. Using UV–vis spectroscopy, we could measure the amount of Fe3+ in the sample solution by monitoring changes in absorption from 540 to 580nm; the linear range and the limit of detection are 30–1000µM and 24.9µM, respectively. Taking advantage of the NR selectivity, we treated partially oxidized graphene sheets (po-Gr) with NR to obtain po-Gr-NR dispersion by ultrasonication. The NR-treated po-Gr flakes (po-Gr-NR) were characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopies and FE-SEM, which indicated attachment of NR on po-Gr sheets. The po-Gr-NR hybrid film deposited glassy carbon electrode (po-Gr-NR/GCE) served as the Fe3+ sensor. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to investigate the detection of Fe3+ in 0.05M HCl+0.05M KCl solution. The linear range and the limit of detection of Fe3+ were from 37.5nM to 21.53µM and 18.7nM, respectively. Furthermore, this sensor was successfully used to measure Fe3+ content in red wine samples.