Abstract
Nanoscale engineering of regular structured materials is immensely demanded in various scientific areas. In this work, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays were grown by self-organizing electrochemical anodization. The effects of different fluoride ion concentrations (0.2 and 0.5 wt% NH4F) and different anodization times (2, 5, 10 and 20 h) on the morphology of nanotubes were systematically studied in an organic electrolyte (glycol). The growth mechanisms of amorphous and anatase TiO2 nanotubes were also studied. Under optimized conditions, we obtained TiO2 nanotubes with tube diameters of 70–160 nm and tube lengths of 6.5–45 μm. Serving as free-standing and binder-free electrodes, the kinetic, capacity, and stability performances of TiO2 nanotubes were tested as lithium-ion battery anodes. This work provides a facile strategy for constructing self-organized materials with optimized functionalities for applications.
Highlights
Ordered TiO2 NanotubeSince titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) was first used in the electrochemical photolysis of water in 1972, researchers have developed a strong interest in TiO2 [1,2,3,4]
The process of anodizing and growing TiO2 nanotube arrays in F− ions containing organic electrolytes was separated into four stages
Metal titanium was dissolved into Ti4+ cations (Figure 2, Formula (ii)), and a large number of Ti4+ cations combined with O2− anions to form a dense TiO2
Summary
Since titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) was first used in the electrochemical photolysis of water in 1972, researchers have developed a strong interest in TiO2 [1,2,3,4]. With the hydrothermal (solvothermal) way, TiO2 nanotubes have small tube diameters, thin tube walls, and their morphology is difficult to control. Of these methods, the anodic oxidation method displays the simplest operation process and has the advantages of vertical arrangement and highly ordered nanotube arrays [19,20]. We revisited the so-called “old field” of anodic oxidation and finding an inherent mechanism for engineering regular nanotube structured materials with electrical and chemical fields to improve the areal capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability of lithium-ion battery anodes, and fabrication strategies for TiO2 nanotube electrodes were systematically optimized
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