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Abstract
The determination of rifampicin in pharmaceutical dosage forms using a rapid, sensitive, selective, biocompatible, and low-cost method is of vital importance in the pharmaceutical analysis field to ensure its concentration is within the effective range when administered. In this study, nitrogen-and-phosphorous-doped carbon nanodots (CNDs) were prepared using a single-step hydrothermal method with ciprofloxacin as the starting material. The CNDs showed a highly intense blue fluorescence emission centered at 450 nm, with a photoluminescence quantum yield of about 51%. Since the absorption of rifampicin was the same as the excitation spectrum of CNDs, inner filter effect (IFE) quenching occurred and it was used as a successful detection platform for the analysis of rifampicin in capsules. The detection platform showed a dynamic linear range from 1 to 100 μM (R2 = 0.9940) and the limit of detection was 0.06 μM (when S/N = 3). The average spike recovery percentage for rifampicin in the capsule samples was 100.53% (n = 5). Moreover, the sub-chronic cytotoxicity of CNDs was evaluated on healthy male mice (Balb/c) drenched with different amounts of CNDs (10 and 50 mg/kg). During this study period, no mortalities or toxicity signs were recorded in any of the experimental subjects. Based on the cytotoxicity experiment, the proposed nano-probe is considered safe and biocompatible.
Highlights
The inner filter effect (IFE) is a significant quenching process involving an energy conversion that is not associated with radiation; it has previously been regarded as an analytical error but has recently started to find its place in the analysis field [1]
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) cancommon be further modified viadots surface modification and canbebefurther utilized to most form of carbon due to the simplicity offunctionalization, their synthesis andwhich they can classified into carbon nanoparticles that do not possess a crystalline structure and carbon quantum improve the selectivity and sensitivity for the desired analyte [14]
The images of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the CNDs had a spherical shape with an average size of 10 nm
Summary
The inner filter effect (IFE) is a significant quenching process involving an energy conversion that is not associated with radiation; it has previously been regarded as an analytical error but has recently started to find its place in the analysis field [1]. There has an increasing interest in using carbon dots in many fields, such as bio-imaging [8], biomedicine [9], Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are an advanced generation of fluorescent material that has drawn a photocatalysis [10], drug delivery [11], and fluorescent probes [12]. CNDs are considered to be the lot of interest recently due to its desirable characteristics, such as water solubility, facile preparation, mostlow common form of carbon dots due to the simplicity of their synthesis and they can be further synthesis cost, relatively high stability, and low toxicity [7]. CNDs are considered be the CNDs cancommon be further modified viadots surface modification and canbebefurther utilized to most form of carbon due to the simplicity offunctionalization, their synthesis andwhich they can classified into carbon nanoparticles that do not possess a crystalline structure and carbon quantum improve the selectivity and sensitivity for the desired analyte [14]
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