Abstract
Lead detection for biological environments, aqueous resources, and medicinal compounds, rely mainly on either utilizing bulky lab equipment such as ICP-OES or ready-made sensors, which are based on colorimetry with some limitations including selectivity and low interference. Remote, rapid and efficient detection of heavy metals in aqueous solutions at ppm and sub-ppm levels have faced significant challenges that requires novel compounds with such ability. Here, a UiO-66(Zr) metal-organic framework (MOF) functionalized with SOH group (SOH-UiO-66(Zr)) is deposited on the end-face of an optical fiber to detect lead cations (Pb) in water at 25.2, 43.5 and 64.0 ppm levels. The SOH-UiO-66(Zr) system provides a Fabry–Perot sensor by which the lead ions are detected rapidly (milliseconds) at 25.2 ppm aqueous solution reflecting in the wavelength shifts in interference spectrum. The proposed removal mechanism is based on the adsorption of [Pb(OH)] in water on SOH-UiO-66(Zr) due to a strong affinity between functionalized MOF and lead. This is the first work that advances a multi-purpose optical fiber-coated functional MOF as an on-site remote chemical sensor for rapid detection of lead cations at extremely low concentrations in an aqueous system.
Highlights
IntroductionLead (Pb2+ ) and other small-scale substances (e.g., soot aerosol, ammonia, and arsenic) [1,2] are known as deadly widespread toxic pollutants in the environment at macroto nano-scale due to recent industrialization and agricultural activities [3,4]
Lead (Pb2+ ) and other small-scale substances [1,2] are known as deadly widespread toxic pollutants in the environment at macroto nano-scale due to recent industrialization and agricultural activities [3,4]
The rapid detection of Pb2+ by metal-organic framework (MOF)-coated optical fibers was introduced for the first time
Summary
Lead (Pb2+ ) and other small-scale substances (e.g., soot aerosol, ammonia, and arsenic) [1,2] are known as deadly widespread toxic pollutants in the environment at macroto nano-scale due to recent industrialization and agricultural activities [3,4]. A serious concern has raised for Canadian [5], the U.S [6], and old European mega-cities [7] with high amounts of lead nano-substances found in drinking water which are originated from old pipes or chemical reactions occurred in corroded plumbing components [8]. According to American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), any level of detectable lead in human blood is abnormal [9]. Despite the detrimental properties of lead to living objects, there is yet a significant gap to efficiently and abruptly detect and characterize lead at extremely small levels in bioactive compounds [19,20]
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