Abstract
Several high performance polymer:fullerene bulk-heterojunctions are deposited from non-halogenated xylene/anisaldehyde solution, yielding power conversion efficiencies up to 9.5%.
Highlights
Organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells are on the cusp of commercialization
In order to allow comparison with the literature, we initially studied organic solar cells comprising the well investigated polymer:fullerene combination PTB7:PC71BM as high performing model systems, enabling power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) to exceed 7%
Solvents, these features are not visible in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and the surface is rather smooth. These observations are in good agreement with earlier AFM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on PTB7:PC71BM films that were cast from CB or CB/DIO.[15,22,23]
Summary
We investigate the deposition of various highperforming polymer:fullerene BHJs from the non-halogenated and production relevant solvents o-xylene or anisole in combination with the eco-compatible additive p-anisaldehyde (AA). The respective solar cells yield PCEs outperforming devices fabricated from common halogenated solvent/additive combinations such as CB and DIO. H302 acute toxicity, oral H315 skin irritation H319 eye irritation H335 specific target organ toxicity – single exposure H400 acute aquatic toxicity. H302 acute toxicity, oral H315 skin irritation H319 eye irritation H334 respiratory sensitisation H335 specific target organ toxicity – single exposure H411 chronic aquatic toxicity. BHJs, the iodated solvent additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) is used. Alternative additives such as the chlorinated 1-chloronaphthalene (CN) or the non-halogenated 1-methylnaphthalene (MN), 1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), diphenyl ether (DPE) and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) have been studied,[5,7,8,10,18,19,20] all-together disregarding health and environmental hazards (Table 1). More volatile solvent additives than DIO may be beneficial for future roll-to-roll processing due to reduced drying times and temperatures
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