Abstract
This chapter describes the state-of-the-art and future trends in the field of man–machine systems. People appear to be active at all levels, more, or less simultaneously while performing actual tasks. Little progress has been made so far to model human error, although its relation to safety and reliability is of great practical importance. Human error is conceptually quite different from machine error and cannot be reduced to simply assigning error rates to human activities, particularly if rule- and knowledge-based behavior is important. The system boundary is ill-defined and many human errors in system operation are consequences of human errors in system design or in work organization. There are positive and negative relations with training and task variety. Man/machine systems should be designed in such a way that there is freedom for human error. It is also desirable to analyze the effects of competition and cooperation in man–machine systems.
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