Abstract
The utilization of renewable energy sources (RESs) has become significant throughout the world especially over the last two decades. Although high-level RESs penetration reduces negative environmental impact compared to conventional fossil fuel based energy generation, control issues become more complex as well as total inertia to the system is significantly decreased due to removal of conventional synchronous generators. Some other technical issues, high uncertainties, low fault ride through capability, high fault current, low generation reserve, and low power quality, arise due to RESs integration. Renewable energy like solar and wind are highly uncertain due to intermittent nature of wind and sunlight. Cutting edge technologies including different control strategies, optimization techniques, energy storage devices, and fault current limiters are employed to handle those issues. This paper summarizes several challenges in the integration process of high-level RESs to the existing grid. The respective solutions to each challenge are also discussed. A comprehensive list of challenges and opportunities, for both wind and solar energy integration cases, are well documented. Also, the future recommendations are provided to solve the several problems of renewable integration which could be key research areas for the industry personnel and researchers.
Highlights
Nowadays, several environmental concerns arise due to emission of carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide by the fossil fuel based generating stations
According to the aforementioned issues and their importances, this paper provides a broad view of the several challenges and opportunities in highly renewable integrated systems
The paper is organized as follows: Section II provides frequency instability issues of renewable energy sources (RESs) integrated system and possible solution methodologies; fault ride through and stability issues are addressed in section III; power quality issues in RESs integration and several solution techniques are discussed in section IV; modeling of uncertainty and optimization techniques in uncertainty reduction are discussed in section V; current challenges for RESs integration and some future works are recommended in section VI; and section VII summarizes the major conclusions of this review
Summary
Several environmental concerns arise due to emission of carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide by the fossil fuel based generating stations. The high-level integration of RE to the utility grid may lead to concerns regarding stable and reliable operation of the system due to stochastic nature of power generation [6] This is because of continuous wind speed and sunlight irradiance variations. The system with reduced inertia, due to high-level renewable energy integration, requires faster frequency control after disturbances In such case, if the system fails to respond quickly, several issues arise such as under-frequency load-shedding, and generator damage which reduce system reliability [28], [29]. According to the aforementioned issues and their importances, this paper provides a broad view of the several challenges and opportunities in highly renewable integrated systems Several challenges, such as total inertia reduction, low fault ride through capability, high uncertainties, voltage and frequency fluctuation, and low power quality, are well documented in this review article. The paper is organized as follows: Section II provides frequency instability issues of RESs integrated system and possible solution methodologies; fault ride through and stability issues are addressed in section III; power quality issues in RESs integration and several solution techniques are discussed in section IV; modeling of uncertainty and optimization techniques in uncertainty reduction are discussed in section V; current challenges for RESs integration and some future works are recommended in section VI; and section VII summarizes the major conclusions of this review
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