Abstract
High-frequency traders (HFTs) mainly operate on public exchanges where multiple third-party buying and selling interests interact with each other. Following recent European regulatory changes (the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II), HFT single-dealer platforms have emerged on which HFTs conduct bilateral trading as dealers. We find that trading on HFT dealer platforms is detrimental to liquidity on public stock exchanges. HFTs manage inventory imbalances from their dealer operations by trading more aggressively, and reducing their liquidity supply on exchanges, which harms liquidity.
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