Abstract
We derive new expressions for the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) vector including the second- and third-order effects. These new expressions are used to obtain explicit expressions for PMD-induced pulse broadening. The pulse broadening expressions reveal that an increase in the first- and second-order derivatives of differential group delay (DGD) with respect to frequency always increases pulse broadening. A change of direction of the first-order PMD vector also increases pulse broadening. However, a change of direction of the second-order PMD vector reduces pulse broadening. Further, in most cases, the second- and third-order PMD cannot be compensated completely. The expressions for minimum pulse broadening in the presence of second- and third-order PMD are also given.
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