Abstract
BackgroundVisceral fat area (VFA), a novel sex-specific index for visceral fat obesity (VFO) might play a major role in the development of vitamin D deficiency. However, the association between VFA and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in Chinese population is less clear. The aim of this study was to explore the population-level association between VFA and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among Chinese men and women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 1105 adults aged 20–70 years living in Tianjin who were randomly selected and medically examined. All subjects underwent the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method to estimate the VFA. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH) D3) level was assayed by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and defined insufficiency and deficiency following recommended cutoffs. The association between VFA and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was estimated using binary regression analysis.ResultsThe total prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH) D3: 20–29 μg/L) and deficiency (25(OH) D3 < 20 μg/L) were 26.60 % and 24.89 %, respectively. Significant negative association was observed for VFA with serum 25(OH) D3 levels in men and pre-menopausal women (P < 0.05), not in post-menopausal women (P > 0.05). Moreover, increased VFA was observed to be associated with higher vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency risk with a positive dose–response trend (P for trend < 0.001). As compared to individuals with the lowest VFA, those who had the highest VFA were at 4.9-fold risk of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency [95 % confidence interval (95 % CI): 1.792–13.365] in men and 1.8-fold risk of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency (95 % CI: 1.051–3.210) in pre-menopausal women, but not in post-menopausal women [odds ratio (OR) (95 % CI): 2.326(0.903–5.991)].ConclusionsThese results suggest that higher VFA increases the risk of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in men and pre-menopausal women, but not in post-menopausal women. VFA is a better and convenience surrogate marker for visceral adipose measurement and could be used in identifying the risk of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in routine health examination.
Highlights
Visceral fat area (VFA), a novel sex-specific index for visceral fat obesity (VFO) might play a major role in the development of vitamin D deficiency
Body fat measurements Body fat measurements, consisting of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fat mass (FM), free fat mass (FFM), percentage body fat (PBF) and VFA were estimated by the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method (Inbody 720 Body Composition Analyzer, Korean)
It was showed that the men had a higher age, WHR, BMI, WC, FM, VFA, FFM, Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), sunshine time, higher levels of TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lower levels of PBF, 25(OH) 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (D3) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c)
Summary
Visceral fat area (VFA), a novel sex-specific index for visceral fat obesity (VFO) might play a major role in the development of vitamin D deficiency. The association between VFA and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in Chinese population is less clear. The aim of this study was to explore the population-level association between VFA and vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among Chinese men and women. Vitamin D deficiency is being recognized as a major global public health problem [1,2,3]. In China, vitamin D deficiency is common in the middleaged and elderly population. Traditional roles of vitamin D lie within the musculoskeletal system, maintaining calcium homoeostasis and bone metabolism. The consequences of vitamin D deficiency include poor bone development and health as well as increase risk of many chronic diseases
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