Higher systolic blood pressure in left not right upper limb is associated with all-cause mortality risk in a community-based population

Abstract

Abstract Background and Purpose Previous studies have shown that elevated inter-arm systolic blood pressure difference (SBPD) is a valuable indicator for assessing the risk of all-cause mortality. However, no research currently reports that the different impact of higher SBP in which upper limb on all-cause mortality risk. This study investigates which side of the upper limbs has a higher SBP that is more associated with all-cause mortality risk in a community population. Methods The subjects were from the a Atherosclerosis Cohort of the Department of Cardiology of our University First Hospital from 2012 to 2021, and those with missing data of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and a history of myocardial infarction or stroke in the baseline survey were excluded. The endpoint was defined as all-cause mortality. SBPD was defined as the difference between the systolic blood pressure of the right arm minus the systolic blood pressure of the left arm by the noninvasive arteriosclerosis detection device BP-203RPEIII (Omron, Japan). SBPD was categorized into four groups: 0-10 mmHg (right arm higher <10mmHg), ≥ 10 mmHg (right arm higher ≥ 10 mmHg ), -10 to < 0 mmHg (left arm higher ≤10 mmHg), and < -10 mmHg (left higher > 10mmHg). The relationship between SBPD and all-cause mortality risk was determined by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression after adjusting for covariates (age, body mass index, gender, current smoking, current drinking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, diabetes, hypoglycemic treatment, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid-lowering treatment, and antihypertensive treatment). Results Totally, 8628 participants were included, with a mean age of 56.58 ± 8.97 years old, and 64.51% (5566) were female. Among them, 380 (4.40%) had an SBPD ≥ 10 mmHg, and 409 (4.74%) had an SBPD < -10 mmHg. During a median follow-up of 9.87 years, 442 cases of all-cause mortality (5.19%) occurred. The Kaplan-Meier curve suggested that the greater the difference in SBPD, the higher the cumulative risk of all-cause mortality. The Log-rank test showed a significant statistical difference (P= 0.0115). Compared to right arm higher <10mmHg group, the risk of all-cause mortality was not significantly elevated in right arm higher ≥ 10 mmHg (adjusted HR=1.17, 95% CI: 0.74-1.84, P=0.507) or left arm higher ≤10 mmHg group (adjusted HR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.74-1.11, P=0.329). However, the risk of all-cause mortality significantly increased by 59% in left higher > 10mmHg Group (adjusted HR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.10-2.30, P=0.013). The results remained significant after adjusting for peripheral right arm SBP (adjusted HR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.08-2.24, P=0.018). Conclusion This study found that a higher SBP in the left arm is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality in a Beijing community-based population, and they should be monitored and intervened more intensively.Hazard Ratios for all-cause mortalitySurvival curves for SBPD groups