Abstract

To compare the changes in higher order aberrations (HOA's) for photopic and mesopic pupil diameters in children undergoing orthokeratology treatment (OK) or combined 0.01% atropine with orthokeratology treatment (AOK), and their association with axial elongation. Children aged 6 to <11years with 1.00-4.00 D of myopia were randomly assigned to each treatment group. Photopic and mesopic pupil diameters were quantified using automated pupillometry and HOA's were measured with a Hartmann-Shack aberrometer and Badal system to control for accommodation. HOA's were rescaled to photopic and mesopic pupil diameters and fitted with a 6th order Zernike polynomial expansion. Axial length was measured using an optical biometer under cycloplegia. Baseline and six-month data from 25 AOK and 28 OK participants were analysed. At the six-month visit, pupil diameter was larger in the AOK group under photopic conditions (3.70±0.42 vs 3.12±0.33mm, p<0.001), along with a range of HOA metrics [3rd to 6th order and higher order root mean square error values (HO RMS), all p≤0.003] and individual Zernike terms (primary spherical aberration, and oblique quadrafoil, both p≤0.03). Axial elongation was greater in the OK treatment group (0.05±0.08 vs -0.01±0.12mm, p=0.02). In the AOK group, axial elongation was correlated with the increase in photopic pupil diameter (r=-0.45, p=0.02) and with several HOA metrics; however, these associations were not observed in the OK group. AOK treatment resulted in increased photopic pupil size and HOA's, and significantly less axial elongation over a six-month period compared to OK treatment alone. The improved myopia control observed with combination 0.01% atropine and orthokeratology may be a result of an enhanced optical effect due to a larger photopic pupil size.

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