Abstract
Chrysomelidae is one of the most diverse lineages of beetles. The classification and phylogeny of Chrysomelidae have been contentious. In this study, we obtained 16 new mitogenome sequences by using next-generation sequencing. Combined with the published mitogenomes, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships of Chrysomelidae. Different data recoding strategies and substitution models were applied to phylogenetic reconstruction. In the Maximum likelihood analyses under the homogeneous model, Dayhoff recoding allowed for the improved phylogenetic resolution due to the decreased level of heterogeneous sequence divergence. Bayesian inference under the heterogeneous model yielded generally well resolved subfamily relationships. The present mitogenome data strongly supported Chrysomelidae as a monophyletic group. Consistent with previous work, we found three major subfamily clades within Chrysomelidae. However, the pattern of the “sagrine” clade plus the “eumolpine” clade being sister to the “chrysomeline” clade contrasted with the prior study. The placement of the genus Syneta with regards to these three clades was ambiguous. Relationships recovered suggested several major chrysomelid lineages, including: (1) Bruchinae in the “sagrine” clade; (2) Donaciinae + Criocerinae; (3) Spilopyrinae + (Cassidinae + (Eumolpinae + (Lamprosomatinae + Cryptocephalinae))); (4) Chrysomelinae + (Alticinae + Galerucinae). Results also suggested the placement of Timarcha outside the major Chrysomelinae.
Highlights
Chrysomelidae is among the most diverse beetle families, totaling almost 40,000 described extant species in the world [1]
Saturation tests showed that the third codon positions of protein-coding genes (PCGs), as well as the rrnL and rrnS gene regions were saturated in our data sets (S3 Table)
In the Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis with Dayhoff recoding under the homogeneous model, three main clades recovered largely matched the three major subfamily groups of Chrysomelidae proposed by Gomez-Zurita et al [13]
Summary
Chrysomelidae is among the most diverse beetle families, totaling almost 40,000 described extant species in the world [1]. Chrysomelids are known as leaf beetles because most species in this group feed on the green part of the living plant. Some other leaf beetles feed on pollen, flowers, seeds and ant nests debris [2]. The great species diversity of leaf beetles has been ascribed to their co-radiation with the angiosperms [3,4,5]. Most beetle systematists have reached a general consensus that the family Chrysomelidae includes 12 subfamilies, namely Bruchinae, Cassidinae, Chrysomelinae, Criocerinae, Cryptocephalinae, Donaciinae, Eumolpinae, Galerucinae, Lamprosomatinae, Sagrinae, Spilopyrinae and Synetinae [6,7].
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