Abstract
Graphene nano-sheets such as graphene oxide, chemically converted graphene and pristine graphene [1-8] improve the capacity utilization of the positive active material of the lead acid battery. At 0.2C, graphene oxide in positive active material produces the best capacity (41% increase over the control), and improves the high-rate performance due to the higher reactivity at the graphene/active material interface. The in-situ changes in the graphene structure and oxygen states [1-2] support these, as well as higher adsorptive surface area, better graphene/lead dioxide interfacial reaction, and finer & highly utilized lead dioxide phases. The multi-scale physio-chemical mechanisms improving capacity and cycle life is thus: Electrolyte/ionic permeation improvements results from increase in pre-formation porosity, and higher interfacial reactivity at gel zone which enhances active material reversibility. Our ion transfer model reveals the optimized redox reaction in the electro-active zone of graphene-enhanced active materials. This work shows the best enhancement in the capacity of lead-acid battery positive electrode till date.
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