Abstract
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will employ the World's highest intensity relativistic beams of heavy nuclei to uniquely create and investigate macroscopic (millimeter-sized) quantities of highly energetic and dense states of matter. Four principal themes of research have been identified: properties of materials driven to extreme conditions of pressure and temperature, shocked matter and material equation of state, basic properties of strongly coupled plasma and warm dense matter, and nuclear photonics with a focus on the excitation of nuclear processes in plasmas, laser-driven particle acceleration, and neutron production. The research program, principally driven by an international collaboration of scientists, called the HED@FAIR collaboration, will evolve over the next decade as the FAIR project completes and experimental capabilities develop. The first programmatic research element, called “FAIR Phase 0, officially began in 2018 to test components, detectors, and experimental techniques. Phase-0 research employs the existing and enhanced infrastructure of the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) heavy-ion synchrotron coupled with the PHELIX high-energy, high-intensity laser. The “FAIR Day one” experimental program, presently scheduled to begin in 2025, commences the use of FAIR's heavy-ion synchrotron, coupled to new experimental and diagnostic infrastructure, to realize the envisaged high-energy-density-science research program.
Highlights
Matter at extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, often denoted as high energy density (HED) matter, occurs widely in the universe, making up most of the matter condensed in compact astrophysical objects such as stars, brown dwarfs, and planetary interiors.[1]
EOS and material properties are tabulated over a wide range of conditions and the results are stored in a database that can be efficiently utilized by hydrodynamic codes. These databases, like SESAME, that is maintained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory,[42] and the database maintained by the Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS in Moscow and the Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS in Chernogolovka,[43] employ interpolative and predictive theoretical models that are benchmarked against experimental results
Starting in 2019, the SIS-18 is being gradually driven to higher and higher intensities. During this start-up phase, FAIR and GSI will support a limited research program to test the improved capabilities of the SIS-18 and to test the necessary equipment and proposed experimental techniques that have been developed by the FAIR collaborations
Summary
Matter at extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, often denoted as high energy density (HED) matter, occurs widely in the universe, making up most of the matter condensed in compact astrophysical objects such as stars, brown dwarfs, and planetary interiors.[1]. Developing experimentally validated models of HED matter, with the goal of revealing its structure and properties, is a principal goal of ongoing HED physics research worldwide Such properties include the equation-of-state (EOS), phase boundaries, critical points, optical and electrical properties, and hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic properties. Within this field, there is significant interest in understanding giant planetary interiors, where pressures range from 1 to 100 Mbar, densities from solid density up to several times of solid density, and temperatures from 1 to 10 eV. There is significant interest in understanding giant planetary interiors, where pressures range from 1 to 100 Mbar, densities from solid density up to several times of solid density, and temperatures from 1 to 10 eV Matter at these conditions is typically referred to as warm dense matter (WDM). WDM does not fall neatly within the parameter space typical of either ordinary condensed-matter physics or classical plasma regimes where Coulomb shielding mitigates the long-range ionic interactions
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