High-efficiency edge couplers enabled by vertically tapering on lithium-niobate photonic chips

Abstract

In the past decade, photonic integrated circuits (PICs) based on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) have made substantial progress in various fields, including optical communication, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. A critical component is an efficient edge coupler facilitating the connection between PICs and light sources or detectors. Here, we propose an innovative edge coupler design with a wedge-shaped TFLN waveguide and a silicon oxynitride cladding. Experimental results show a low coupling loss between the TFLN PIC and a 3-μm mode field diameter (MFD) lensed fiber, measuring at 1.52 dB/facet, with theoretical potential for improvement to 0.43 dB/facet. Additionally, the coupling loss between the edge coupler and a UHNA7 fiber with an MFD of 3.2 μm is reduced to 0.92 dB/facet. This design exhibits robust fabrication and alignment tolerances. Notably, the minimum linewidth of the TFLN waveguide of the coupler (600 nm) can be readily achieved using commercially available i-line stepper lithography. This work benefits the development of TFLN integrated devices, such as on-chip electro-optic modulators, frequency combs, and lasers.