High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and risk of muscle strength decline and sarcopenia in older adults

Abstract

BackgroundRecent studies have demonstrated that very high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was paradoxically linked with higher risk of cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and several age-related diseases. However, whether very high HDL-C level is associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia in older adults remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between HDL-C level and the risk of developing sarcopenia and low grip strength over time in older adults. MethodsParticipants were from the ongoing China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which includes a nationally representative sample of adults aged ≥ 45 years and was performed from 2011 to 2020 with follow-ups every two to three years. The current study included 4031 participants aged ≥60 years. Muscle health related data were collected in wave 2011, 2013, and 2015. Based on HDL-C level at baseline, participants were categorized into five groups: <35 mg/dl, 35-40 mg/dl, 40-60 mg/dl, 60-70 mg/dl and >70 mg/dl. The main outcomes were incident sarcopenia and incident low grip strength over follow-up. Low grip strength and sarcopenia were defined according to the 2019 Consensus by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Cox proportional-hazard regression was performed to investigate the association between HDL-C level and the risk of developing sarcopenia and low grip strength in older adults. ResultsThe mean age of study sample was 67.3 (SD 6.1) years, and 49.6% were male. During an average 3.7-year follow-up, 409 (10.1%) participants developed sarcopenia and 771 (21.1%) developed low grip strength. Non-linear association was observed between HDL-C level and the hazard of developing sarcopenia and low grip strength. The multivariable model showed that compared to the reference group (40-60 mg/dl), older adults with very high HDL-C level (>70 mg/dl) had a significant higher risk of developing sarcopenia (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.28 - 2.23) and low grip strength (HR 1.23 95% CI 1.00 - 1.51). Stratified analyses by sex revealed similar association. ConclusionsWe present the first longitudinal evidence that very high HDL-C level was associated with a significant higher risk of muscle strength decline and developing sarcopenia in older adults. It is essential to monitor the muscle health of older adults with very high HDL-C level in clinical practice.