Abstract
First-order perturbation theory is a widely used method when studying the excitation and ionization of high-Z, hydrogen-like ions. In many applications, this theory has been found helpful explaining the ionization of projectile electrons in collisions with different target materials. It has recently been questioned by several experiments, though. Here, we comment on the validity of perturbation theory at intermediate and high energies and show that an improved screening model, which is based on the (many-electron) density distribution in the target atoms, helps understand most of the experimental findings for light and medium-Z elements up to energies of several (ten) GeV/u
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