High-titer GAD65 autoantibodies detected in adult diabetes patients using a high efficiency expression vector and cold GAD65 displacement

Abstract

Adult type 2 diabetes patients with GAD65 autoantibodies (GADA) are known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). It has been suggested that GADA in LADA patients preferentially bind to the N-terminal end of GAD65. Using the N-terminal end extension of 35S-GAD65 generated by the pEx9 plasmid, we tested the hypothesis that GADA in LADA patients preferentially react with 35S-GAD65 from the pEx9 plasmid compared to the normal length pThGAD65 plasmid. Healthy control subjects (n = 250) were compared with type 1 (n = 23), type 2 (n = 290), and unspecified (n = 57) diabetes patients. In addition, radio-binding assays for GADA with 35S-GAD65 generated from both the pEx9 and pThGAD65 plasmids were used in displacement assays with an excess of recombinant human GAD65 (2 μg/mL) to correct for non-specific binding. 35S-GAD65 produced by either pEx9 or pThGAD65 did not differ in binding among the healthy controls and among the type 1 diabetes patients. Among the type 2 and unspecified patients, there were 4/290 and 3/57 patients, respectively, with binding to the pEx9 but not to the pThGAD65 generated 35S-GAD65. In the displacement assay, we discovered 14 patients with very high-titer GADA among the type 1 (n = 3, 12,272–29,915 U/mL), type 2 (n = 7; 12,398–334,288 U/mL), and unspecified (n = 4; 20,773–4,053,580 U/mL) patients. All samples were fully displaced following appropriate dilution. We conclude that pThGAD65 is preferred for the coupled in vitro transcription translation of 35S-GAD65 and that displacement with recombinant GAD65 may detect very high-titer GADA with possible clinical relevance.