Abstract
Though lubricant emulsions have been widely used in many industrial processes, various human health hazards have been reported. Conducting a systematic toxicity study on emulsions is difficult since emulsions contain multiple chemical compounds, and hydrophobic compounds form complex emulsion particles via surfactants. For a quantitative toxicity study, we developed a high-throughput imaging system using zebrafish and conducted a large scale in vivo toxicity assay of lubricant emulsion and their common ingredients. By computing the locomotion activity of zebrafish from captured time-lapse images, we could quantify the degree of relative toxicity of 29 chemicals. The changes in the locomotion activity over time were observed to vary significantly depending on emulsions, indicating that the degree of toxicity of the commercial products was very diverse. We found that primary ethanolamines were more toxic than secondary or tertiary ethanolamines, and several factors, such as alkyl chain length, EO mole, test concentration, and emulsion particle size, affected toxicity.
Highlights
A lubricant emulsion is generally defined as a mixture of two or more liquid substances that are normally immiscible for improved lubricity and cooling properties
We developed an automated imaging system to quantify the locomotion activity of zebrafish and measured the individual acute toxicities of 20 different amines and surfactants commonly used in the commercial emulsion as well as 9 emulsion products
To measure the effects of emulsions and their common ingredients on zebrafish, we developed a bright field imaging system that was composed of a digital camera (Logitech C920), a 150
Summary
A lubricant emulsion is generally defined as a mixture of two or more liquid substances that are normally immiscible for improved lubricity and cooling properties. Image-based toxicity assays using small animal models have been developed and used for large-scale toxicity studies [6,7,8,9,10]. We developed an automated imaging system to quantify the locomotion activity of zebrafish and measured the individual acute toxicities of 20 different amines and surfactants commonly used in the commercial emulsion as well as 9 emulsion products. A new simple locomotion activity was used, and different ages of zebrafish (adult vs larvae) and concentrations of chemicals were examined. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale toxicity study of emulsions and their common ingredients using intact whole animals
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